NZ Historic Weather Events Catalogue

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ExtremeMarch 1959 Upper North Island Ex-tropical Cyclone Ida ( 1959-03-14 )

North Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at North Island
Duration:   3  days - From the 14th to the 16th of March.
Comments:

CommentEx-tropical Cyclone Ida struck the northern North Island on the 14th.

CauseOn the 14th, the cyclone moved with speed to cover 1300 km from New Calendonia to North Cape in 24 hours. The cyclone moved at an extremely high speed, over 40 knots (74 km/hr), and, north of New Zealand, recurved to the southwest and into the Tasman Sea. It then moved into the Tasman and met a second storm, which merged with it and carried it back over the stricken area on the 16th. Ida was born south of the Solomans on about 7th March.

CommentIt was one of the worst tropical cyclones to ever hit New Zealand.

Total DamageThe damage amounted to more than £1.5 million ($59,035,000 2008 dollars).

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThe second storm on the 16th brought winds of over 100 km/hr.

Northland

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Northland
Comments:

Property DamageA trail of wrecked houses and farm buildings extended north from Whangarei and Dargaville to as far up the peninsula as people live. Damage to homes was particularly heavy at Maungaturoto, Kawakawa, Kaikohe, Kaeo, and Maungakaramea. Five churches and three halls in the Far North were destroyed, and many other buildings were damaged.

Property Damage20 schools were damaged.

Property DamageFarm losses included wrecked cowsheds, pig sties, hay sheds, fences and large woolsheds.

DamageLarge trees, gum trees and macrocarpa were uprooted.

Stock DamageAt least 11 cows were killed. Some cows were killed by falling trees and others were electrocuted by falling power lines.

Affected LifelineThere was widespread disruption over 6000 square miles (15,540 km^2) of telephone and electric power circuits due to wind-twisted lines, trees falling on lines and snapped poles. Electricity was cut to most of the towns in the Far North area.

Affected LifelineRoads all over Northland were temporarily blocked by fallen trees.

InjuriesSeveral people were injured. A 43-year-old man fell from the top of a power pole and broke both ankles.

Property DamageThousands of pounds of damage was done to public and private property.

DamageThe cyclone caused damage in all of Northland's native kauri forests.

CommentThe wind was northeasterly.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard
Comments:

DamageConsiderable wind and flood damage was done in Northland. It was said to be the worst storm damage in Northland's history.

ImpactDairy farmers sustained lossses from having to pour milk down drains.

ImpactThousands of dead fish were washed up in the bays.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Bay of Islands
Map Location: -35.181318 174.199165
Comments:

DamageAll navigation beacons in the Bay of Islands were destroyed and launch jetties at Paihia, Russell and Opua were damaged.

ImpactDriftwood made the harbour dangerous. Huge logs and masses of debris were swept onto all beaches at Paihia, Russell and Opua.

Physical CharacteristicAt Bay of Islands Harbour, winds reached 150 mph (241 km/hr).

Property DamageThe winds de-roofed homes and cowsheds and pushed over fences.

DamageTrees were levelled.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Cape Reinga
Map Location: -34.427834 172.679516
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicCape Reinga recorded winds of 112 mph (180 km/hr).

CommentThe centre of the cyclone passed just to the north of Cape Reinga.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Horeke
Map Location: -35.357002 173.595028
Comments:

Property DamageThe Service Station at Horeke was lifted by the wind and dumped in Hokianga Harbour. A garage was also lifted and moved.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kaikohe
Map Location: -35.406232 173.80745
Comments:

Property DamageOne home was completely de-roofed and a roof at Northland College was destroyed. Tiles were carried off state housing. A new cowshed built at a cost of £1500 ($59,000 2008 dollars) had its roof carried away.

Physical CharacteristicAt Kaikohe Aerodome, winds reached 85 mph (137 km/hr).

Peak Wind SpeedKaikohe recorded a peak wind gust of 69 knots (128 km/hr) on the 14th, at 090 degrees true.

Affected LifelineHundreds of pine and blue gum trees fell over roads.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kaitaia
Map Location: -35.107541 173.248564
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKaitata Aerodrome recorded a peak wind gust of 96 knots (178 km/hr) on the 14th, at 080 degrees true.

Property DamagePractically every tiled roof in Kaitaia was damaged and chimneys were blown down. Sheds were flattened and two classrooms at Kaitaia College were flattened. The fire station alarm tower and a large wooden carriers depot were demolished. Half of the roof iron was ripped off the Central Private Hotel.

ImpactStreams and rivers were red with mud.

Affected LifelineKaitaia was completely cut off by telephone. On the main Awanui-Kaitaia road, telegraph poles hung across fences.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kawakawa
Map Location: -35.383033 174.058065
Comments:

Property DamageKawakawa houses were unroofed. Farm buildings were destroyed and verandahs were blown down.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kerikeri
Map Location: -35.226015 173.946775
Comments:

Crop DamageMany orchardists faced ruin. A third of the citrus orchards in Kerikeri were destroyed and half the tamarillo crop was lost. Many haystacks were ruined. An estimated 50% of the tree tomato crop and 33% of the citrus crop for the coming season were ruined.

Crop DamageCrop losses were expected to equate to £4000 ($157,000 2008 dollars).

Property DamageRoofs were torn off houses, the front verandah of one house was torn off and a cowshed was de-roofed.

Affected LifelineDozens of trees were felled and carried power and telephone lines with them.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain
Comments:

Property DamageTorrential rain began on the 16th and poured into unroofed houses.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Mangonui
Map Location: -34.992391 173.536414
Comments:

Property DamageFour churches were wrecked at Mangonui.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maraeroa
Map Location: -35.341817 173.638313
Comments:

Property DamageA new home at Maraeroa received a severe buffeting and needed to be pulled down and rebuilt.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maungakaramea
Map Location: -35.844153 174.205054
Comments:

Property DamageAt Maungakaramea, two houses were de-roofed and written-off. Several garages lost their roofs and chimneys were toppled and crashed through some roofs. A woolshed was blown down. Woolsheds, milking sheds, pig styes, hay barns and fowl houses all suffered.

DamageHundreds of trees were uprooted.

Affected LifelinePower and telephone services were cut.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maungaturoto
Map Location: -36.111292 174.354299
Comments:

Property DamageAt Maungaturoto, the chimney of the teachers hostel was blown down and damaged the roof. Farm buildings were also blown down and unroofed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Okaihau
Map Location: -35.321364 173.772793
Comments:

Property DamageA 40-ft (12-m) pine tree fell across a home at Okaihau. A small dwelling was de-roofed, the golf club pavilion was de-roofed and a portion of the Okaihau Hotel roof was hurled into the air. A 24 ft by 16 ft (7.3 x 4.9 m) shed was lifted bodily and a Limonite factory was blown down.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Onerahi
Map Location: -35.765579 174.360107
Comments:

Property DamageA garage was blown over at Onerahi.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Opito Bay
Map Location: -35.193494 174.04072
Comments:

Damage CostAt Opito Bay, a fleet of launches and runabouts worth £3000 ($118,000 2008 dollars) was a complete write-off.

Maritime / CoastalMaritime / Coastal at Parua Bay
Map Location: -35.768282 174.458587
Comments:

DamageA 27-foot (8.2-m) launch at Parua Bay was demolished.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Puhipuhi
Map Location: -35.480598 174.26901
Comments:

DamageThe cyclone caused damage to exotic forest in Puhipuhi.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Rawene
Map Location: -35.400416 173.504682
Comments:

Stock DamageA dairy cow was electrocuted an Rawene.

Property DamageA goods shed was blown from Rawene jetty to the sea.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Ruatangata West
Map Location: -35.66112 174.17358
Comments:

Damage30 macrocarpa trees were brought down at Ruatangata.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Russell
Map Location: -35.260642 174.122015
Comments:

Property DamageCommercial glass houses at Russell were shattered. A £1000 ($39,400 2008 dollars) glasshouse was demolished.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Taheke
Map Location: -35.461145 173.649552
Comments:

Property DamageA portion of Tuhirangi Hall was unroofed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Tanekaha
Map Location: -35.593803 174.225355
Comments:

ImpactAt Tanekaha, a 12-year-old boy narrowly escaped being electrocuted.

Stock DamageFive cows were electrocuted when power lines were blown down on to a cowshed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Taumarere
Map Location: -35.36293 174.083045
Comments:

Stock DamageFour cows were killed at Taumarere when a large tree fell on them.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Tutukaka
Map Location: -35.608793 174.518108
Comments:

DamageA 28-foot (8.5-m) launch was blown onto rocks at Tutukaka and severely damaged. Three other launches were also washed ashore.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Umawera
Map Location: -35.284647 173.567334
Comments:

Property DamageAt Umawera, a pine tree was blown out at the roots, causing a home to be de-roofed and a truck flattened.

Property DamageA garage was flattened, a chimney was blown off a house and a cowshed roof was blown more than 1/4 mile (400 m) away.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Waitangi
Map Location: -35.267846 174.082573
Comments:

DamageThe cyclone caused damage to exotic forest in Waitangi.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Whangarei
Map Location: -35.719519 174.298397
Comments:

Property DamageA large garage in Whangarei was partly demolished. A large garage attached to the Whangarei Cooperative Dairy Company's factory was blown down. Chimneys came down in Maunu. Six business premises had their doors blown open by the wind and several windows blown in. A church in Kamo was severely damaged. A large plate glass window at Whau Valley shopping centre was blown in.

Property DamageA Maunu glasshouse valued at £6000 ($236,000 2008 dollars) was destroyed.

Crop DamageThe tomato crop inside the glasshouse was lost.

InjuriesA man broke his leg when he fell from a power pole.

Auckland

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Auckland
Comments:

CommentIt was the worst storm Auckland had known since 1936.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Henderson
Map Location: -36.880798 174.619453
Comments:

Crop DamageFruit losses at Henderson were heavy.

References

Grayland, E.C. (1978). More New Zealand Disasters.
Kerr, I.S. (1976). Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the Southwest Pacific, November 1939 to April 1969. New Zealand Meteorological Service.
Major weather events in New Zealand, Floods and High Rainfall, Floods to 30 Sept 2005 .
The New Zealand Herald, 16 March 1959. Cyclone brings chaos, Heavy destruction in north.
The New Zealand Herald, 16 March 1959. Kaitaia badly battered, Buildings flattened and trees felled.
The New Zealand Herald, 16 March 1959. Widespread losses through Northland.
New Zealand Meteorological Service, Technicial Information Circular No.191, Extreme Wind Gusts.
New Zealand's Nature Heritage, Hamlyn House, Auckland, Volume 6, Great Storms.
Headline: Bay swept by greatest storm in living memory.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Headline: Heavy hurricane loss in Northland.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Headline: Otuhi Road home 'write off' heavy loss in Karamea.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Headline: Maunu glasshouse worth £6000 completely wrecked.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Rasmussen, J.H. Workshop on Wind Damage in New Zealand Exotic Forests, Ministry of Forestry, FRI Bulletin 146, Wind Damage in Northland Forests.

ExtremeMarch 1959 Upper North Island Ex-tropical Cyclone Ida ( 1959-03-14 )

North Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at North Island
Duration:   3  days - From the 14th to the 16th of March.
Comments:

CommentEx-tropical Cyclone Ida struck the northern North Island on the 14th.

CauseOn the 14th, the cyclone moved with speed to cover 1300 km from New Calendonia to North Cape in 24 hours. The cyclone moved at an extremely high speed, over 40 knots (74 km/hr), and, north of New Zealand, recurved to the southwest and into the Tasman Sea. It then moved into the Tasman and met a second storm, which merged with it and carried it back over the stricken area on the 16th. Ida was born south of the Solomans on about 7th March.

CommentIt was one of the worst tropical cyclones to ever hit New Zealand.

Total DamageThe damage amounted to more than £1.5 million ($59,035,000 2008 dollars).

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThe second storm on the 16th brought winds of over 100 km/hr.

Northland

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Northland
Comments:

Property DamageA trail of wrecked houses and farm buildings extended north from Whangarei and Dargaville to as far up the peninsula as people live. Damage to homes was particularly heavy at Maungaturoto, Kawakawa, Kaikohe, Kaeo, and Maungakaramea. Five churches and three halls in the Far North were destroyed, and many other buildings were damaged.

Property Damage20 schools were damaged.

Property DamageFarm losses included wrecked cowsheds, pig sties, hay sheds, fences and large woolsheds.

DamageLarge trees, gum trees and macrocarpa were uprooted.

Stock DamageAt least 11 cows were killed. Some cows were killed by falling trees and others were electrocuted by falling power lines.

Affected LifelineThere was widespread disruption over 6000 square miles (15,540 km^2) of telephone and electric power circuits due to wind-twisted lines, trees falling on lines and snapped poles. Electricity was cut to most of the towns in the Far North area.

Affected LifelineRoads all over Northland were temporarily blocked by fallen trees.

InjuriesSeveral people were injured. A 43-year-old man fell from the top of a power pole and broke both ankles.

Property DamageThousands of pounds of damage was done to public and private property.

DamageThe cyclone caused damage in all of Northland's native kauri forests.

CommentThe wind was northeasterly.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard
Comments:

DamageConsiderable wind and flood damage was done in Northland. It was said to be the worst storm damage in Northland's history.

ImpactDairy farmers sustained lossses from having to pour milk down drains.

ImpactThousands of dead fish were washed up in the bays.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Bay of Islands
Map Location: -35.181318 174.199165
Comments:

DamageAll navigation beacons in the Bay of Islands were destroyed and launch jetties at Paihia, Russell and Opua were damaged.

ImpactDriftwood made the harbour dangerous. Huge logs and masses of debris were swept onto all beaches at Paihia, Russell and Opua.

Physical CharacteristicAt Bay of Islands Harbour, winds reached 150 mph (241 km/hr).

Property DamageThe winds de-roofed homes and cowsheds and pushed over fences.

DamageTrees were levelled.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Cape Reinga
Map Location: -34.427834 172.679516
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicCape Reinga recorded winds of 112 mph (180 km/hr).

CommentThe centre of the cyclone passed just to the north of Cape Reinga.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Horeke
Map Location: -35.357002 173.595028
Comments:

Property DamageThe Service Station at Horeke was lifted by the wind and dumped in Hokianga Harbour. A garage was also lifted and moved.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kaikohe
Map Location: -35.406232 173.80745
Comments:

Property DamageOne home was completely de-roofed and a roof at Northland College was destroyed. Tiles were carried off state housing. A new cowshed built at a cost of £1500 ($59,000 2008 dollars) had its roof carried away.

Physical CharacteristicAt Kaikohe Aerodome, winds reached 85 mph (137 km/hr).

Peak Wind SpeedKaikohe recorded a peak wind gust of 69 knots (128 km/hr) on the 14th, at 090 degrees true.

Affected LifelineHundreds of pine and blue gum trees fell over roads.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kaitaia
Map Location: -35.107541 173.248564
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKaitata Aerodrome recorded a peak wind gust of 96 knots (178 km/hr) on the 14th, at 080 degrees true.

Property DamagePractically every tiled roof in Kaitaia was damaged and chimneys were blown down. Sheds were flattened and two classrooms at Kaitaia College were flattened. The fire station alarm tower and a large wooden carriers depot were demolished. Half of the roof iron was ripped off the Central Private Hotel.

ImpactStreams and rivers were red with mud.

Affected LifelineKaitaia was completely cut off by telephone. On the main Awanui-Kaitaia road, telegraph poles hung across fences.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kawakawa
Map Location: -35.383033 174.058065
Comments:

Property DamageKawakawa houses were unroofed. Farm buildings were destroyed and verandahs were blown down.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Kerikeri
Map Location: -35.226015 173.946775
Comments:

Crop DamageMany orchardists faced ruin. A third of the citrus orchards in Kerikeri were destroyed and half the tamarillo crop was lost. Many haystacks were ruined. An estimated 50% of the tree tomato crop and 33% of the citrus crop for the coming season were ruined.

Crop DamageCrop losses were expected to equate to £4000 ($157,000 2008 dollars).

Property DamageRoofs were torn off houses, the front verandah of one house was torn off and a cowshed was de-roofed.

Affected LifelineDozens of trees were felled and carried power and telephone lines with them.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain
Comments:

Property DamageTorrential rain began on the 16th and poured into unroofed houses.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Mangonui
Map Location: -34.992391 173.536414
Comments:

Property DamageFour churches were wrecked at Mangonui.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maraeroa
Map Location: -35.341817 173.638313
Comments:

Property DamageA new home at Maraeroa received a severe buffeting and needed to be pulled down and rebuilt.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maungakaramea
Map Location: -35.844153 174.205054
Comments:

Property DamageAt Maungakaramea, two houses were de-roofed and written-off. Several garages lost their roofs and chimneys were toppled and crashed through some roofs. A woolshed was blown down. Woolsheds, milking sheds, pig styes, hay barns and fowl houses all suffered.

DamageHundreds of trees were uprooted.

Affected LifelinePower and telephone services were cut.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maungaturoto
Map Location: -36.111292 174.354299
Comments:

Property DamageAt Maungaturoto, the chimney of the teachers hostel was blown down and damaged the roof. Farm buildings were also blown down and unroofed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Okaihau
Map Location: -35.321364 173.772793
Comments:

Property DamageA 40-ft (12-m) pine tree fell across a home at Okaihau. A small dwelling was de-roofed, the golf club pavilion was de-roofed and a portion of the Okaihau Hotel roof was hurled into the air. A 24 ft by 16 ft (7.3 x 4.9 m) shed was lifted bodily and a Limonite factory was blown down.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Onerahi
Map Location: -35.765579 174.360107
Comments:

Property DamageA garage was blown over at Onerahi.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Opito Bay
Map Location: -35.193494 174.04072
Comments:

Damage CostAt Opito Bay, a fleet of launches and runabouts worth £3000 ($118,000 2008 dollars) was a complete write-off.

Maritime / CoastalMaritime / Coastal at Parua Bay
Map Location: -35.768282 174.458587
Comments:

DamageA 27-foot (8.2-m) launch at Parua Bay was demolished.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Puhipuhi
Map Location: -35.480598 174.26901
Comments:

DamageThe cyclone caused damage to exotic forest in Puhipuhi.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Rawene
Map Location: -35.400416 173.504682
Comments:

Stock DamageA dairy cow was electrocuted an Rawene.

Property DamageA goods shed was blown from Rawene jetty to the sea.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Ruatangata West
Map Location: -35.66112 174.17358
Comments:

Damage30 macrocarpa trees were brought down at Ruatangata.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Russell
Map Location: -35.260642 174.122015
Comments:

Property DamageCommercial glass houses at Russell were shattered. A £1000 ($39,400 2008 dollars) glasshouse was demolished.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Taheke
Map Location: -35.461145 173.649552
Comments:

Property DamageA portion of Tuhirangi Hall was unroofed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Tanekaha
Map Location: -35.593803 174.225355
Comments:

ImpactAt Tanekaha, a 12-year-old boy narrowly escaped being electrocuted.

Stock DamageFive cows were electrocuted when power lines were blown down on to a cowshed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Taumarere
Map Location: -35.36293 174.083045
Comments:

Stock DamageFour cows were killed at Taumarere when a large tree fell on them.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Tutukaka
Map Location: -35.608793 174.518108
Comments:

DamageA 28-foot (8.5-m) launch was blown onto rocks at Tutukaka and severely damaged. Three other launches were also washed ashore.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Umawera
Map Location: -35.284647 173.567334
Comments:

Property DamageAt Umawera, a pine tree was blown out at the roots, causing a home to be de-roofed and a truck flattened.

Property DamageA garage was flattened, a chimney was blown off a house and a cowshed roof was blown more than 1/4 mile (400 m) away.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Waitangi
Map Location: -35.267846 174.082573
Comments:

DamageThe cyclone caused damage to exotic forest in Waitangi.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Whangarei
Map Location: -35.719519 174.298397
Comments:

Property DamageA large garage in Whangarei was partly demolished. A large garage attached to the Whangarei Cooperative Dairy Company's factory was blown down. Chimneys came down in Maunu. Six business premises had their doors blown open by the wind and several windows blown in. A church in Kamo was severely damaged. A large plate glass window at Whau Valley shopping centre was blown in.

Property DamageA Maunu glasshouse valued at £6000 ($236,000 2008 dollars) was destroyed.

Crop DamageThe tomato crop inside the glasshouse was lost.

InjuriesA man broke his leg when he fell from a power pole.

Auckland

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Auckland
Comments:

CommentIt was the worst storm Auckland had known since 1936.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Henderson
Map Location: -36.880798 174.619453
Comments:

Crop DamageFruit losses at Henderson were heavy.

References

Grayland, E.C. (1978). More New Zealand Disasters.
Kerr, I.S. (1976). Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the Southwest Pacific, November 1939 to April 1969. New Zealand Meteorological Service.
Major weather events in New Zealand, Floods and High Rainfall, Floods to 30 Sept 2005 .
The New Zealand Herald, 16 March 1959. Cyclone brings chaos, Heavy destruction in north.
The New Zealand Herald, 16 March 1959. Kaitaia badly battered, Buildings flattened and trees felled.
The New Zealand Herald, 16 March 1959. Widespread losses through Northland.
New Zealand Meteorological Service, Technicial Information Circular No.191, Extreme Wind Gusts.
New Zealand's Nature Heritage, Hamlyn House, Auckland, Volume 6, Great Storms.
Headline: Bay swept by greatest storm in living memory.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Headline: Heavy hurricane loss in Northland.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Headline: Otuhi Road home 'write off' heavy loss in Karamea.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Headline: Maunu glasshouse worth £6000 completely wrecked.
The Northern Advocate, 16 March 1959.
Rasmussen, J.H. Workshop on Wind Damage in New Zealand Exotic Forests, Ministry of Forestry, FRI Bulletin 146, Wind Damage in Northland Forests.