NZ Historic Weather Events Catalogue

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March 1929 Otago Flooding and Bay of Plenty High Winds ( 1929-03-18 )

A storm crossed the the southern portion of New Zealand. There was general rain in connection with this storm but the heavy falls were in the eastern district from Balclutha to Christchurch. The greatest intensity was confined to the district from a little south of Dunedin to just north of Oamaru and there were severe floods in this area.

New Zealand

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at New Zealand
Comments:

CauseThe storm which caused the floods in the South Island was a cyclone which crossed the southern portion of New Zealand. There was general rain in connection with this storm but the heavy falls were in the eastern district from Balclutha to Christchurch. The greatest intensity was confined to the district from a little south of Dunedin to just north of Oamaru. A strong gale also struck the Opotiki district of the Bay of Plenty on the 18th.

CauseSurface analyses at the time showed a 1000 hPa low moving eastwards across the South Island.

South Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at South Island
Duration:   4  days - From the 18th to the 21st of March.
Comments:

Bay of Plenty

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Bay of Plenty
Comments:

CommentA gale swept the Opotiki district in the early on the morning of the 18th and reached its height about 7am.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maraenui
Map Location: -37.872889 177.582471
Comments:

Property DamageRoofs were lifted off whares and there was other extensive damage in Maraenui.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Opotiki
Map Location: -38.005993 177.293236
Comments:

CommentIt was one of the most severe gales experienced in Opotiki for many years.

DamageThe iron roof of a shop in Church Street was blown off and dozens of sheets of iron blown across street and piled in front of shops opposite.

DamageFences and trees were blown over. Hardly a tree remained undamaged. Several windows were blown out. The roofs of many outbuildings were torn off and corrugated iron was scattered in all directions.

Affected LifelineTelephone and electric power lines were interferred with. A large tree blew across two sections of power lines and several other sections of the power system were disconnected.

DamageScarcely a haystack was left with a roof along Waioeka Road.

Affected LifelineThere were small delays on the Gisborne road.

Crop DamageThere was extensive damage to maize crops, which were buffeted by the wind and flattened. The damage to maize crops were estimated to be in the thousands of pounds.

Crop DamageFruit trees were practically stripped. There was great damage to vegetable and flower gardens in town.

DamageSome wireless masts were blown down.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Tirohanga
Map Location: -37.996027 177.350321
Comments:

Stock DamageA foal was killed by a sheet of iron on a farm at Tirohanga.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Waiawa
Comments:

DamageA large haystack was completely blown away.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Woodlands
Map Location: -38.036329 177.26449
Comments:

DamageA large maize crib was blown over at Woodlands and landed on top of a car.

Canterbury

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Canterbury
Comments:

CommentRainfall in south Canterbury was very high resulting in floods on the 19th to the 20th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineAt 2:30pm on the 19th, the main road between Oamaru and Kurow was rendered impassable for long stretches by a roaring torrent of floodwater.

ImpactTwo turbulent streams came down from the Glen settlement.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Christchurch
Map Location: -43.53112 172.636147
Comments:

CommentChristchurch was swept by a severe south-west rainstorm.

Physical CharacteristicChristchurch recorded 1.13 in (2.87 cm) of rain in 24 hours.

DamageThere was no damage done.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Duntroon
Map Location: -44.855995 170.674531
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicDuntroon recorded 4.48 in (11.38 cm) of rain.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was 3 ft (0.91 m) of water on the road west of Duntroon, for distance of one and a half miles (2.4 km).

FloodingFlooding at Waihao River
Map Location: -44.787437 171.009356
Comments:

AreaThere was extensive flooding at the mouth of Waihao River where 500 acres (202 ha) were inundated.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Waimate
Map Location: -44.7333 171.055364
Comments:

CommentOn the 19th, the heaviest rainfall for 14 years hit Waimate and was accompanied by a heavy gale.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaimate recorded 3.50 in (8.89 cm) of rain in 24 hours.

CommentBig falls were experienced in other parts of the district, especially in the back country.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentRivers and creeks in the district were in high flood.

Physical CharacteristicThere was a serious washout on the main railway line south of Glenavy. The line under 2.5 ft (0.76 m) of water

Stock DamageThere were some sheep lost.

Crop DamageInundated crops and swamped stooks were chiefly in the Morven, Willowbridge and Studholme district.

CommentDog-kennel Creek overflowed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust
Comments:

Affected LifelineTelephone wires were interfered with extensively and communication was cut off owing to high winds.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactSlips occurred in several places. Slips occurred in many places along Elephant Hill road and Dog-Kennel Road.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Willowbridge
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWillowbridge recorded 3.90 in (9.91 cm) of rain in 24 hours.

Physical CharacteristicWillowbridge recorded 3.40 in (8.64 cm) of rain in five hours.

Otago

FloodingFlooding at Otago
Comments:

CommentThere were floods from Dunedin to Oamaru.

CasualtiesThere was a severe washout on the Central Otago railway line, half a mile on the upper side of Salisbury station, on the night of the 19th. The engine of a stock and goods train from Ranfurly plunged into the gap made by the washout at 10pm. Two men (the train driver and the guard) suffered minor injuries. One man (who was the 26 years old train fireman) was buried under the engine.

Affected LifelineTrains on the north and south railway lines resumed running on the 21st. But the Central Otago line was closed for three or four days.

Affected LifelineThe telegraph service between Christchurch and Dunedin was cut off.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThe speed of the wind was 42 miles per hour (67.6 km/hr).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Awamoa Creek
Map Location: -45.11853 170.9329
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicAwamoa Creek recorded 6.05 in (15.37 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Balclutha
Map Location: -46.23013 169.733472
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBalclutha recorded 5.6 in (14.22 cm) of rain during during the day and night on the 19th until 4am on the 20th.

CommentThere was no damage in Balclutha.

FloodingFlooding at Bruce County
Comments:

Damage CostDamage to Bruce County roads was £410 ($35,300 2009 dollars).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Burns Creek
Map Location: -45.78672 170.50066
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBurns Creek recorded 0.30 in (0.76 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicBurns Creek recorded 8.83 in (22.43 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicBurns Creek recorded 4.5 in (11.43 cm) of rain in five hours.

FloodingFlooding at Cromwell
Map Location: -45.040741 169.203073
Comments:

CommentIn Cromwell, the rain commenced early on the morning of the 18th and continued until before daylight on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicThe Kawarau River rose 3.5 ft (1.07 m) and was still rising on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicThe rivers didn't reach a high level, the rise was 7.5 ft (2.29 m) at town.

Affected LifelineNo damage was reported, although high creeks hampered traffic for a brief period.

ImpactThe Clyde-Cromwell Gorge was severely affected by the very heavy rain.

ImpactLeaning Rock and Nine-mile Creeks became raging torrents.

Affected LifelineNine-mile Creek gouged out a hole 20 ft (6.1 m) wide and 4 ft (1.22 m) deep, making the road practically impassable.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Dunedin
Map Location: -45.87911 170.502707
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill recorded 5.48 in (13.92) of rain in 38 hours from 10pm on the 18th to noon on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill recorded 1 in (3.05 cm) of rain in 2.5 hours from 2pm to 4:30pm on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicMusselburgh recorded 0.47 in (1.19 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicMusselburgh recorded 4.11 in (10.44 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill Reservoir recorded 0.44 in (1.12 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill Reservoir recorded 4.96 in (11.26 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicBotanic Gardens recorded 0.64 in (1.63 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicBotanic Gardens recorded 5.39 in (13.96 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicBotanic Gardens recorded 2.15 in (5.46 cm) of rain in two and a half hours.

Physical CharacteristicTotal rainfall in Dunedin was over 2.75 in (6.99 cm) of rain in 17 hours.

CommentRain commenced at 9pm on the 18th. The heaviest rainfall was between 4pm and 9pm on the 19th.

CommentThe amount of rainfall was less than which caused the flood on the 23rd of April 1923, however the intensity of the rain appears to have been greater during a period of several hours.

ImpactWeather conditions prevented many pupils getting to high schools. The Girls' High School was closed for the day.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactThe northern part of the city and the surrounding district were severely flooded especially in the lower levels of the city. It was the heaviest flood experienced in the history of the city.

Affected LifelineThere was serious damage to supply mains.

ImpactSilt, debris and huge boulders were deposited on the streets and provided work for 200 unemployed people for a fortnight.

ImpactMany houses flooded on both sides of the Leith and at Lindsays Creek in the North East Valley.

ImpactAlmost the whole of the north end of the city below King Street and the whole of North East Valley, almost to Normanby was underwater. Near Cargills Corner at the south end of the city approximately 100 houses were flooded. At the north end of town approximately 500 houses were flooded. A number of residents in the Caversham suburb and Kensington were flooded.

Affected LifelineBridges which spanned the stream at Leith Street, Clyde Street, Harbour Terrace, and also the bridge leading to the Quarry at Woodburgh were swept away. Bridges that were seriously damaged were Dundas Street bridge, Castle Street bridge and Malvern Street bridge.

Affected LifelineConsiderable damage done to the road by erosion of the banks of the stream.

Affected LifelineLeith Valley Road at Cedar Creek was washed away.

Affected LifelineA nine inch diameter branch pipe line from Upper Morrisons Creek was badly damaged for half a mile in length due to river bank erosion. Another 12 in water main was also damaged. Over 500ft of pipeline was swept away. The water main at Leith was damaged in two places.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood invaded the Powder Creek pump house to 20 in (50.8 cm).

CommentThe flood of 1923 was 29 in (73.66 cm) lower than this level.

Affected LifelineThere was overflowing of the stream at McKenna bridge which damaged the roadway.

ImpactThere was an extensive deposit of boulders below the junction of the West Branch.

ImpactThere was considerable erosion at the 'Scenic Reserve'.

Affected LifelineGreat deal of damage was done by the undermining of walls and other protective works. Roadways were washed away entirely in places and there were numerous slips.

Affected LifelineThe bursting of a large main sewer was responsible for a rushing torrent of water. It flowed through several of the narrower streets to a depth of 4 -5 ft (1.22 - 1.52 m).

Affected LifelineTram services were stopped.

EvacueesScores of families were forced to vacate homes late on the 19th, in many instances people had to be rescued. Boats were used to remove women and children. In the region of Harrow and Leith Streets, every house was vacated.

Affected LifelineFew motor-cars could get through to Normanby.

ImpactLow-lying areas suffered especially with the severity from the raging torrents.

ImpactEntire suburban areas were covered in water as well as some of the principal streets of the city. Part of the business section of town was inundated. Their floors were left covered with slime.

Affected LifelineRoads were torn up.

ImpactThe level of the water rose and at high tide it was 6 inches (15.24 cm) above the windowsills.

ImpactThe riverside fence gave way and a larger volume of water was released into Forth Street.

ImpactThe areas that suffered the worst were Kensington and parts of Caversham, notably Bridgeman Street, Grosvenor Street, Park Terrace and Baker Street, in all of which large numbers of houses were flooded.

Stock DamageOne farmer lost 60 head of stock.

Crop DamageIn many places crops in stack will be ruined.

Physical CharacteristicWater was over 3 ft (0.91 m) on the Cumberland Street footpath. Three cars were stranded.

Affected LifelineRoslyn water mains lost pressure due to a pipe break and the water main in Harbour Terrace burst.

Affected LifelineOn Wilkie Road, the manhole cover was blown off. A huge geyser sent torrents of water down Bridgman, Grosvenor and adjacent streets at 1pm on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicWater level was up to 3 ft (0.91 m) in some streets by 4pm on the 19th.

Affected LifelineIn Caversham, a waterfall of water poured from the conduit over the railway embankment at the Burnside end of Caverhsam Tunnel and went onto the Main South Road. There were two other heavy stormwater overflows onto Main South Road.

Affected LifelineA large amount of metal was washed onto the tramway line, stopping traffic.

ImpactA lorry went through the road where water had eroded away the foundations from under the surface.

Affected LifelineSome trains were delayed or suspended on the Main North railway line. There was up to nearly 4 ft (1.22 m) of water on the line in one place.

Damage CostEverything Mr R. Davidson owned was ruined. His sawmill, £100 weir ($8611 2009 dollars) and water race were damaged. His 8-roomed house was severely damaged (estimated damage was £1000 ($86,110 2009 dollars)). Water was up to the window sills, the foundations were undermined and there was debris upto 7 ft (2.13 m) on the lawn. There was £100 ($8611 2009 dollars) damage to the furniture in the shed and the grounds had became part of the riverbed.

Crop DamageCrops were ruined in the vicinity of NZ Paper Mills.

DamageWater poured in windows at NZ Paper Mills at 5pm on the 19th. The ground floor was flooded and work stopped. The weir was carried away and concrete pillars of the water tank were undermined.

ImpactEvery residence in the vicinity of Malvern Streen bridge was inundated.

ImpactWater reached 9 in (0.23 m) in several houses and 3 ft (0.91 m) in some houses near the Gardens.

DamageThe surfaces of streets were torn up and there were huge piles of debris. At the Garden's corner, there were tons of silt gathered where Lindsay's Creek and The Leith converged. The Botanic Gardens were severely damaged.

DamageThere was severe damage to shops on the main road.

Affected LifelineHarrow Street and St. Andrew Street area was one of the worst hit in the city. Water was still lapping at the window sills at midday on the 20th.

Affected LifelineThe tram service along Castle Street was dislocated.

ImpactFlooding included Messrs, Kempthorne and Prosser's chemical works and the Milburn Lime Company's premises.

Damage CostThere was hundreds of pounds of damage to Messrs R. Hudson and Co. The Messrs McLeod Bros.' factory had damage running into 4 figures. Water was up to 4 ft (1.22 m), up to 9 in (0.23 m) higher than the 1923 flood. Messrs Stone and Co. had damage estimated at £400-500 ($34,400-43,100 2009 dollars). Messrs Paterson and Barr's warehouse had damage worth £500 ($43,100 2009 dollars).

ImpactVictoria Hotel had water almost up to the counter top.

ImpactBathgate Park and Carisbrook had water almost up to the top of the boundary fence.

ImpactMarion Street had a heap of 4 ft (1.22 m) high of gravel, metal and silt.

Affected LifelineMain South Road had asphalt torn as if by an explosive between Fitzroy and Playfair Streets.

DamageAt Harraway's Mill, there was considerable damage to stock stored in the cellars.

InjuriesA man was found lying in flood water at the corner of Park Terrace and King Edward Street. He suffered from cold and exposure.

CommentConditions were generally observed to be less serious than those of the 1923 flood.

Physical CharacteristicWillow Bank had water up to 2 ft (0.61 m) and the grounds of houses were inundated.

Affected LifelineEarly in the evening of the 19th, water reached the top of George Street bridge and the road all round it was impassable.

ImpactDuke Street bridge was seriously threatened and couldn't be crossed safely. The huge volume of water escaping at Duke Street bridge poured into Woodhaugh Gardens. The greater part of it flowed along George Street to Howe Street corner where shops and houses were invaded, then turned into King Street. From St. David Street to Union Street water from higher levels formed a lake. At the northern end of King Street and the entire length of Castle Street resembled rivers along which flood waters poured into the centre of the city.

ImpactThe low-lying area round St. Andrew Street at the junction with Caste and Cumberland Street was the most seriously affected. Water in some cases was reaching window sills and all houses in the vicinity was vacated.

ImpactAt 10pm on the 19th, the flood water reached the Daily Times office in Lower High Street, then flowed into Rattray Street.

ImpactQueen's Gardens were under water.

Damage CostThe council received a claim for £600 ($51,700 2009 dollars) for a place which had been washed away.

ImpactThe back of a house in Malvern Street sunk on its piles.

Impact506 homes in Dunedin were affected by the flood.

Damage CostThe Linoleum Assessment Committee estimated that £2620 ($225,600 2009 dollars) was required to replace the damaged linoleums and floor coverings for the 406 homes assessed.

Physical CharacteristicBulk of damage at occurred at the north end of the city where streams overflowed to invade shops and houses to depths between 4 in and 4 ft (0.10-1.22 m).

Damage CostDamage to works in Dunedin cost £50,847 ($4,379,000 2009 dollars) and damage to the water supply cost £13,167 ($1,134,000 2009 dollars).

ImpactAll shipping work was at a standstill on the 19th and at least five ships were delayed.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineNumerous extensive slips occurred on hillsides carrying away roads as well as blocking them in many places. Many slips occurred on the Central Otago line.

Affected LifelineThere was a landslide near Mihikawa tunnel abd a slide of stone near Port Chalmers on the main north railway line.

Affected LifelineA slip fell on the railway line near the southern end of the Caversham tunnel.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Hampden
Map Location: -45.327296 170.819568
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHampden recorded 4.20 in (10.67 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

FloodingFlooding at Kaikorai Valley
Map Location: -45.90065 170.44868
Comments:

ImpactKaikorai Stream was a raging torrent and a wide area at Green Island and Burnside was flooded. Hundreds of small streams from hillsides had swelled its volume.

ImpactThe Burnside Sale Yards and the low-lying flats were inundated.

Physical CharacteristicGreen Island had water on road up to 5 ft (1.52 m) and all road traffic was suspended.

ImpactSix lorries and two cars were stranded bonnet-deep at one point.

Physical CharacteristicThere was disastrous flooding of nearby houses and some residents had to leaving their homes. One house was estimated to have 7 ft (2.13 m) of water in it.

FloodingFlooding at Lake Mahinerangi
Map Location: -45.833575 169.88652
Comments:

Peak DischargeThe peak discharge from Lake Mahinerangi was 23,800 cusecs (674 cumecs).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Lawrence
Map Location: -45.914289 169.691279
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicLawrence recorded 2.50 in (6.35 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th. The heavy rain continued over this period, practically without a break.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactPeople began to remove household goods, but creeks began to recede in the early hours of the morning on the 20th.

Affected LifelineThere were two or three washouts on the Lawrence to Milton section of the railway line. This interferred with the usual timetable.

FloodingFlooding at Lindsay Creek
Map Location: -45.78672 170.50066
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicLindsay Creek had a flood discharge of 2440 cusecs (69 cumecs).

ImpactLindsay Creek also broke its banks and, from the Gardens northward, the flood was the worst experienced in memory.

Affected LifelineThe bridge over Lindsay Creek collapsed.

CommentThe first break in Lindsay Creek was at Calder's quarry and there were several minor breaks as the creek neared the Gardens.

FloodingFlooding at Mosgiel
Map Location: -45.882205 170.333108
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was 2 ft (0.61 m) of water on road near the dairy factory and water over the railway line at Gordon Road.

Affected LifelineIn Mosgiel, a lot of water was collected in the streets due to backed up drains.

Affected LifelineLarge areas of the railway lines were under water between Wingatui and Mosgiel.

ImpactThree cars were stranded on the road.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Ngapara
Map Location: -44.950049 170.754505
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicNgapara recorded 4.58 in (11.63 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Oamaru
Map Location: -45.087138 170.980874
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOamaru recorded 6.16 in (15.65 cm) of rain in 24 hours (which has a return period of 150 years).

Physical CharacteristicOamaru recorded 6.59 in (16.74 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to morning on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicOamaru recorded 2.24 in (5.69 cm) of rain in two and a half hours from 4pm to 6:30pm on the 19th.

CommentThe deluge fell over an extensive area. It was the heaviest downpour experienced in Oamaru for many years.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

DamageSevere flooding in occurred in Oamaru and a great amount of damage was done in the town.

CommentStormwater channels were unable to cope with the surface water.

ImpactMany business premises and dwellings were isolated by large expanses of water.

ImpactOccupants of four houses in Reed and Aln Streets were flooded out.

Affected LifelineThe approaches to the bridge at Takaro Park were washed away by the creek.

DamageSeveral shops suffered severely. Few shops and houses escaped some damage.

DamageSeveral concrete retaining walls in various parts of the town were washed away. A new retaining wall at Reed St Convent collapsed during storm, as did similar structures at residences in Wharfe St, cnr of Stour and Lune Sts, Test St and Tees St

ImpactA number of houses in the low-lying portions of town were flooded to the windowsills.

DamageThe damage to roads and footpaths was extensive in different localities subsidences of the ground occurred.

DamageOn South Hill deep channels were cut into several streets and new embankment work in Severn Street was severely damaged.

DamageDamage suffered at the business premises in Thames Street and stocks in a number of stores in Habour Street were damaged.

DamageThree low-lying private residences were flooded out, in Cross Lane, Aln Street and Reed Street. There was considerable loss to these residents as most of the furniture and all the wallpaper and floor coverings were ruined by floodwater reaching over the window sills. Two residences in a depression in Greta Street experienced similar conditions.

DamageThe Public Gardens suffered much damage. A layer of mud was deposited over many of the lawns, several flower beds were scoured out and the footbridge over Oamaru Creek was carried away.

ImpactA few ploughed paddocks were scoured out.

Affected LifelineAt 2:30pm on the 19th, the main road between Oamaru and Kurow was rendered impassable for long stretches by a roaring torrent of floodwater.

ImpactStormwater made several breaches in the water race to the Oamaru reservoir.

Affected LifelineThe road was impassable from Awamoko to Altavady station and also to Papakaio.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Ophir
Map Location: -45.109548 169.608839
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOphir recorded 20 points (0.71 cm) of rain in 20 hours to 4pm on the 19th.

LandslideLandslide at Otago Peninsula
Map Location: -45.899667 170.698401
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe peninsula road had several small landslides by early afternoon of the 19th. One slide of rock and clay at Waverley completely blocked the road.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otiake
Map Location: -44.78917 170.50742
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOtiake recorded 5 in (12.7 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

LandslideLandslide at Port Chalmers
Map Location: -45.819968 170.626226
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was minor slips and partial washouts on the roads.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Ross Creek Reservoir
Map Location: -45.845732 170.498979
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicRoss Creek Reservoir recorded 0.52 in (1.32 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicRoss Creek Reservoir recorded 11 in (27.94 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th (which has a return period of over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentIt was estimated that the heaviest fall was at Ross Creek, which was in direct path of the storm.

Affected LifelineThere were water shortages in some areas, including Ross Creek.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Roxburgh
Map Location: -45.54246 169.300336
Comments:

CommentSteady rain set in on the evening of the 19th and continued through the night.

Physical CharacteristicRoxburgh recorded 1 in (3.05 cm) of rain from the evening of the 19th to the morning of the 20th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Silver Stream
Map Location: -45.813155 170.427005
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHead of Silver Stream Race recorded 0.61 in (1.55 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicHead of Silver Stream Race recorded 7.68 in (19.51 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicHead of Silverstream Race recorded 3 in (7.62 cm) of rain in three hours.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactNear Silver Stream, there was water in some farmhouses.

Physical CharacteristicThe Silver Stream Valley pumphouse flooded to a depth of 20 in (0.51 m).

ImpactA portion of Mr Greave's farm on banks of Silver Stream near Gow's Crossing was washed away.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

CommentNumerous slips occurred on the Silver Stream race and Ross Creek Reservoir.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Sullivans Dam
Map Location: -45.80621 170.524475
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicSullivans Dam recorded 0.55 in (1.40 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicSullivans Dam recorded 9.3 in (23.62 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th (which has a return period of over 150 years).

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactA slip occurred in the gully below the dam.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was interruption of water supply to high level reservoirs from Sullivans dam.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Taieri Plain
Map Location: -45.88401 170.253762
Comments:

CommentRain commenced at 10pm on the 18th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentSilver Stream and Owhiro overflowed before nightfall.

Affected LifelineAll low-lying roads were under water.

Affected LifelineRoad communication was practically cut off on all sides.

Affected LifelineThe express train from Dunedin to Invercargilll had to return due to water on the railway line. There was water on the line at Outram.

Stock DamageOne farmer lost 58 ewes.

Stock DamageThere were losses of fowls. Several fowl runs were almost depleted of fowls.

DamageThere was damage to gardens due to scouring and vegetables were strewn about.

Crop DamageIn many paddocks crops were washed up against fences, potato crops were ruined and grain stacked in barns became soaked.

CommentThere was a fair amount of flooding on Taieri Plain but not to a great extent.

Physical CharacteristicTaieri River peaked at 14 ft (4.27 m) at Outram Bridge.

ImpactThe contour channel burst in a few places.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waipori
Map Location: -45.825132 169.882143
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaipori recorded 3.5 in (8.89 cm) in 24 hours.

Physical CharacteristicWaipori recorded 1.5 in (3.81 cm) of rain up to 8pm on the 19th.

FloodingFlooding at Waipori River
Map Location: -45.92281 170.0046
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaipori River had a discharge of 23,840 cusecs (675 cumecs) at Lake Mahinerangi with a catchment area of 123 sq miles (319 km^2).

Physical CharacteristicThe level at the dam rose 6 in (0.15 m) but it was still 6 ft (1.83 m) below the banks.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Water of Leith
Map Location: -45.86948 170.52199
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaitati-Leith station recorded 9.41 (23.90 cm) in of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentFlooding of the Leith was due to a phenomenal rainfall in the back country. The most remarkable feature of the rainfall was its intensity.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood was believed to be the highest experienced in the Water of Leith. The flood was estimated at a greater than 200 year event in the Leith.

Physical CharacteristicThe Water of Leith had a discharge of 11,340 cusecs (321 cumecs) below Lindsays Creek with a catchment area of 15.24 sq miles (39.5 km^2).

Physical CharacteristicWater of Leith had a flood discharge above Lindsays Creek of 8900 cusecs (252 cumecs).

Affected LifelineThe Leith Valley bridge was damaged.

ImpactRiver overflowed at Harrow Street foot bridge where debris had piled up and part of the bridge collapsed later.

ImpactRiver overflowed in the Gardens Reserve shortly before 6pm on the 19th. There was flooding in the Botanic Gardens, Woodhaugh Gardens and Queen's Gardens.

CommentThe Leith changed its course by cutting off a corner and returning to its former course.

Affected LifelineThere were numerous places of scouring along the road.

CommentThe river carried down huge trees and boulders, telegraph poles and a section of large concrete protective wall.

CommentThe flood was at its worst just above the junction of The Leith and Pine Hill Creek.

ImpactThe Water of Leith overflowed its banks in many places flooding low-lying portions of the town. It was overflowing at Leith Street at 5pm on the 19th. Overflow also inundated Castle Street and Cumberland Street into lower High Street and as far as Rattray Street.

ImpactMost of the houses on and near the banks of the Leith were invaded by water to a depth of three to four feet (0.91-1.22 m). Many of the residents were forced to move.

DamageThere was extensive erosion along the banks of The Leith. At the University, the bank was washed away for 150 yards or more, and the memorial walk and trees disappeared.

Physical CharacteristicGreat quantities of silt were deposition on both sides of the Leith. There was 6200 cubic yards (4740 cubic metres) removed.

ImpactRestricting the Leith was the cause of a great deal of the damage and flooding. The mouth of the stream had been narrowed, the tide backed up and water was backed up in sewers leading to severe flooding.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineAt Leith Valley School, water from the Leith undermined the bank. A slip brought down a large portion of road and debris.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Whare Flat
Map Location: -45.813155 170.427005
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWhare Flat recorded 0.57 in (1.45 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicWhare Flat recorded 9.41 in (23.90 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th (which has a return period of over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWhare Creek recorded 4.76 in (12.09 cm) of rain in 4.5 hours.

Damage CostThere were badly scoured roads. Whare Flat Road cost at least £500 ($43,100 2009 dollars) to repair.

FloodingFlooding at Williams Creek
Comments:

Affected LifelineA Williams Creek the bridge was endangered by scouring.

Southland

FloodingFlooding at Mataura River
Map Location: -46.159885 168.915782
Comments:

Peak DischargeThe annual maximum flood discharge of the Mataura River was 311 cumecs on the 21st.

References

Cowie, C.A.: Attwood, A.K. (1957) Floods in New Zealand 1920-53, The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand, p.239.
Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
MacLean, M., McGregor Wilke, J., and Alexander, J.G.(n.d.). Water of Leith and Lindsay's Creek, Dunedin.
Major weather events in New Zealand, FLOODS and HIGH RAINFALL to 31st May 2006
Municipality of Dunedin. City of Dunedin (New Zealand), Departmental Reports For the Year 1928-1929.
Municipality of Dunedin. City of Dunedin (New Zealand), Departmental Reports For the Year 1929-1930.
NZ Met Service. (2008). Meteorology of Extreme Rainfalls in New Zealand (Mark Pascoe, Ed.).
Headline: An Intermittent Rainfall.
Otago Daily Times, 19 July 1929.
Headline: A Destructive Gale: Storm at Opotiki.
Otago Daily Times, 19 March 1927.
Headline: A Disastrous Flood.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Along the Railway Line.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Central Otago: Six Inches of Rain.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Conditions on the Taieri.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Four Inches of Rain: An Unbroken Downpour.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: In the North End.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Kaikorai Stream Overflows: Green Island and Burnside Inundated.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: On the Waterfront: Shipping Held Up.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: The North Line.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: The Peninsula Road: Traffic Blocked.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: The Southern Area.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Waipori Supply: No Trouble Anticipated.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Around Pelichet Bay.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: City Engineer's Report.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Five Inches of Rain: A Steady Downpour.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Little Damage at Port Chalmers.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Mosgiel and Taieri: Some Stock Losses Reported, River Falling Rapidly.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Narrow Escape from Drowning.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: North-East Valley.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Railway Services: Slips Delay Northbound Trains.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: School Attendances Affected: Many Pupils Absent.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: South Otago: Heavy Rainfall.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: The Business District.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: The Leith Valley.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: The Southern Suburbs.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Washout on Central Line: Locomotive Fireman Killed.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: A Phenomenal Rainfall.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: A Public Meeting.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: Flood Damage, Linoleums and Floor Coverings.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: The Recent Flood.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: A Disastrous Flood.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Conditions at Roxburgh.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Cromwell Gorge Affected.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Downpour at Waimate.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Heavy Fall at Cromwell.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Heavy Rain at Lawrence.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: In the North End.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Mosgiel and Taieri.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Storm in Christchurch.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: The Oamaru District.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Owen, R.E. (1969). Hydrology Annual No.16, 1968. Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council. Wellington, NZ: The Ministry of Works.
Surface Water Hydrology of the Mataura River Catchment.
Headline: Gale At Opotiki, Worst For Years.
Thames Star, 19 March (Tuesday) 1929.
The New Zealand Herald, 19 March (Tuesday) 1929. Headlne: Fierce Gale at Opotiki, Extensive Damage Done, Fences and Roofs Suffer, Losses of Maize Crops.
Headline:Dunedin Flood, Waters Quickly Subside
The Press, 21 March 1929.
Headline:Torrential Rains at Dunedin
The Press, 20 March 1929.

March 1929 Otago Flooding and Bay of Plenty High Winds ( 1929-03-18 )

A storm crossed the the southern portion of New Zealand. There was general rain in connection with this storm but the heavy falls were in the eastern district from Balclutha to Christchurch. The greatest intensity was confined to the district from a little south of Dunedin to just north of Oamaru and there were severe floods in this area.

New Zealand

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at New Zealand
Comments:

CauseThe storm which caused the floods in the South Island was a cyclone which crossed the southern portion of New Zealand. There was general rain in connection with this storm but the heavy falls were in the eastern district from Balclutha to Christchurch. The greatest intensity was confined to the district from a little south of Dunedin to just north of Oamaru. A strong gale also struck the Opotiki district of the Bay of Plenty on the 18th.

CauseSurface analyses at the time showed a 1000 hPa low moving eastwards across the South Island.

South Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at South Island
Duration:   4  days - From the 18th to the 21st of March.
Comments:

Bay of Plenty

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Bay of Plenty
Comments:

CommentA gale swept the Opotiki district in the early on the morning of the 18th and reached its height about 7am.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Maraenui
Map Location: -37.872889 177.582471
Comments:

Property DamageRoofs were lifted off whares and there was other extensive damage in Maraenui.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Opotiki
Map Location: -38.005993 177.293236
Comments:

CommentIt was one of the most severe gales experienced in Opotiki for many years.

DamageThe iron roof of a shop in Church Street was blown off and dozens of sheets of iron blown across street and piled in front of shops opposite.

DamageFences and trees were blown over. Hardly a tree remained undamaged. Several windows were blown out. The roofs of many outbuildings were torn off and corrugated iron was scattered in all directions.

Affected LifelineTelephone and electric power lines were interferred with. A large tree blew across two sections of power lines and several other sections of the power system were disconnected.

DamageScarcely a haystack was left with a roof along Waioeka Road.

Affected LifelineThere were small delays on the Gisborne road.

Crop DamageThere was extensive damage to maize crops, which were buffeted by the wind and flattened. The damage to maize crops were estimated to be in the thousands of pounds.

Crop DamageFruit trees were practically stripped. There was great damage to vegetable and flower gardens in town.

DamageSome wireless masts were blown down.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Tirohanga
Map Location: -37.996027 177.350321
Comments:

Stock DamageA foal was killed by a sheet of iron on a farm at Tirohanga.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Waiawa
Comments:

DamageA large haystack was completely blown away.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust at Woodlands
Map Location: -38.036329 177.26449
Comments:

DamageA large maize crib was blown over at Woodlands and landed on top of a car.

Canterbury

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Canterbury
Comments:

CommentRainfall in south Canterbury was very high resulting in floods on the 19th to the 20th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineAt 2:30pm on the 19th, the main road between Oamaru and Kurow was rendered impassable for long stretches by a roaring torrent of floodwater.

ImpactTwo turbulent streams came down from the Glen settlement.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Christchurch
Map Location: -43.53112 172.636147
Comments:

CommentChristchurch was swept by a severe south-west rainstorm.

Physical CharacteristicChristchurch recorded 1.13 in (2.87 cm) of rain in 24 hours.

DamageThere was no damage done.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Duntroon
Map Location: -44.855995 170.674531
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicDuntroon recorded 4.48 in (11.38 cm) of rain.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was 3 ft (0.91 m) of water on the road west of Duntroon, for distance of one and a half miles (2.4 km).

FloodingFlooding at Waihao River
Map Location: -44.787437 171.009356
Comments:

AreaThere was extensive flooding at the mouth of Waihao River where 500 acres (202 ha) were inundated.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Waimate
Map Location: -44.7333 171.055364
Comments:

CommentOn the 19th, the heaviest rainfall for 14 years hit Waimate and was accompanied by a heavy gale.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaimate recorded 3.50 in (8.89 cm) of rain in 24 hours.

CommentBig falls were experienced in other parts of the district, especially in the back country.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentRivers and creeks in the district were in high flood.

Physical CharacteristicThere was a serious washout on the main railway line south of Glenavy. The line under 2.5 ft (0.76 m) of water

Stock DamageThere were some sheep lost.

Crop DamageInundated crops and swamped stooks were chiefly in the Morven, Willowbridge and Studholme district.

CommentDog-kennel Creek overflowed.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust
Comments:

Affected LifelineTelephone wires were interfered with extensively and communication was cut off owing to high winds.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactSlips occurred in several places. Slips occurred in many places along Elephant Hill road and Dog-Kennel Road.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Willowbridge
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWillowbridge recorded 3.90 in (9.91 cm) of rain in 24 hours.

Physical CharacteristicWillowbridge recorded 3.40 in (8.64 cm) of rain in five hours.

Otago

FloodingFlooding at Otago
Comments:

CommentThere were floods from Dunedin to Oamaru.

CasualtiesThere was a severe washout on the Central Otago railway line, half a mile on the upper side of Salisbury station, on the night of the 19th. The engine of a stock and goods train from Ranfurly plunged into the gap made by the washout at 10pm. Two men (the train driver and the guard) suffered minor injuries. One man (who was the 26 years old train fireman) was buried under the engine.

Affected LifelineTrains on the north and south railway lines resumed running on the 21st. But the Central Otago line was closed for three or four days.

Affected LifelineThe telegraph service between Christchurch and Dunedin was cut off.

High Wind GustsHigh Wind / Gust
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThe speed of the wind was 42 miles per hour (67.6 km/hr).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Awamoa Creek
Map Location: -45.11853 170.9329
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicAwamoa Creek recorded 6.05 in (15.37 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Balclutha
Map Location: -46.23013 169.733472
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBalclutha recorded 5.6 in (14.22 cm) of rain during during the day and night on the 19th until 4am on the 20th.

CommentThere was no damage in Balclutha.

FloodingFlooding at Bruce County
Comments:

Damage CostDamage to Bruce County roads was £410 ($35,300 2009 dollars).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Burns Creek
Map Location: -45.78672 170.50066
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBurns Creek recorded 0.30 in (0.76 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicBurns Creek recorded 8.83 in (22.43 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicBurns Creek recorded 4.5 in (11.43 cm) of rain in five hours.

FloodingFlooding at Cromwell
Map Location: -45.040741 169.203073
Comments:

CommentIn Cromwell, the rain commenced early on the morning of the 18th and continued until before daylight on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicThe Kawarau River rose 3.5 ft (1.07 m) and was still rising on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicThe rivers didn't reach a high level, the rise was 7.5 ft (2.29 m) at town.

Affected LifelineNo damage was reported, although high creeks hampered traffic for a brief period.

ImpactThe Clyde-Cromwell Gorge was severely affected by the very heavy rain.

ImpactLeaning Rock and Nine-mile Creeks became raging torrents.

Affected LifelineNine-mile Creek gouged out a hole 20 ft (6.1 m) wide and 4 ft (1.22 m) deep, making the road practically impassable.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Dunedin
Map Location: -45.87911 170.502707
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill recorded 5.48 in (13.92) of rain in 38 hours from 10pm on the 18th to noon on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill recorded 1 in (3.05 cm) of rain in 2.5 hours from 2pm to 4:30pm on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicMusselburgh recorded 0.47 in (1.19 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicMusselburgh recorded 4.11 in (10.44 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill Reservoir recorded 0.44 in (1.12 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicMaori Hill Reservoir recorded 4.96 in (11.26 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicBotanic Gardens recorded 0.64 in (1.63 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicBotanic Gardens recorded 5.39 in (13.96 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicBotanic Gardens recorded 2.15 in (5.46 cm) of rain in two and a half hours.

Physical CharacteristicTotal rainfall in Dunedin was over 2.75 in (6.99 cm) of rain in 17 hours.

CommentRain commenced at 9pm on the 18th. The heaviest rainfall was between 4pm and 9pm on the 19th.

CommentThe amount of rainfall was less than which caused the flood on the 23rd of April 1923, however the intensity of the rain appears to have been greater during a period of several hours.

ImpactWeather conditions prevented many pupils getting to high schools. The Girls' High School was closed for the day.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactThe northern part of the city and the surrounding district were severely flooded especially in the lower levels of the city. It was the heaviest flood experienced in the history of the city.

Affected LifelineThere was serious damage to supply mains.

ImpactSilt, debris and huge boulders were deposited on the streets and provided work for 200 unemployed people for a fortnight.

ImpactMany houses flooded on both sides of the Leith and at Lindsays Creek in the North East Valley.

ImpactAlmost the whole of the north end of the city below King Street and the whole of North East Valley, almost to Normanby was underwater. Near Cargills Corner at the south end of the city approximately 100 houses were flooded. At the north end of town approximately 500 houses were flooded. A number of residents in the Caversham suburb and Kensington were flooded.

Affected LifelineBridges which spanned the stream at Leith Street, Clyde Street, Harbour Terrace, and also the bridge leading to the Quarry at Woodburgh were swept away. Bridges that were seriously damaged were Dundas Street bridge, Castle Street bridge and Malvern Street bridge.

Affected LifelineConsiderable damage done to the road by erosion of the banks of the stream.

Affected LifelineLeith Valley Road at Cedar Creek was washed away.

Affected LifelineA nine inch diameter branch pipe line from Upper Morrisons Creek was badly damaged for half a mile in length due to river bank erosion. Another 12 in water main was also damaged. Over 500ft of pipeline was swept away. The water main at Leith was damaged in two places.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood invaded the Powder Creek pump house to 20 in (50.8 cm).

CommentThe flood of 1923 was 29 in (73.66 cm) lower than this level.

Affected LifelineThere was overflowing of the stream at McKenna bridge which damaged the roadway.

ImpactThere was an extensive deposit of boulders below the junction of the West Branch.

ImpactThere was considerable erosion at the 'Scenic Reserve'.

Affected LifelineGreat deal of damage was done by the undermining of walls and other protective works. Roadways were washed away entirely in places and there were numerous slips.

Affected LifelineThe bursting of a large main sewer was responsible for a rushing torrent of water. It flowed through several of the narrower streets to a depth of 4 -5 ft (1.22 - 1.52 m).

Affected LifelineTram services were stopped.

EvacueesScores of families were forced to vacate homes late on the 19th, in many instances people had to be rescued. Boats were used to remove women and children. In the region of Harrow and Leith Streets, every house was vacated.

Affected LifelineFew motor-cars could get through to Normanby.

ImpactLow-lying areas suffered especially with the severity from the raging torrents.

ImpactEntire suburban areas were covered in water as well as some of the principal streets of the city. Part of the business section of town was inundated. Their floors were left covered with slime.

Affected LifelineRoads were torn up.

ImpactThe level of the water rose and at high tide it was 6 inches (15.24 cm) above the windowsills.

ImpactThe riverside fence gave way and a larger volume of water was released into Forth Street.

ImpactThe areas that suffered the worst were Kensington and parts of Caversham, notably Bridgeman Street, Grosvenor Street, Park Terrace and Baker Street, in all of which large numbers of houses were flooded.

Stock DamageOne farmer lost 60 head of stock.

Crop DamageIn many places crops in stack will be ruined.

Physical CharacteristicWater was over 3 ft (0.91 m) on the Cumberland Street footpath. Three cars were stranded.

Affected LifelineRoslyn water mains lost pressure due to a pipe break and the water main in Harbour Terrace burst.

Affected LifelineOn Wilkie Road, the manhole cover was blown off. A huge geyser sent torrents of water down Bridgman, Grosvenor and adjacent streets at 1pm on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicWater level was up to 3 ft (0.91 m) in some streets by 4pm on the 19th.

Affected LifelineIn Caversham, a waterfall of water poured from the conduit over the railway embankment at the Burnside end of Caverhsam Tunnel and went onto the Main South Road. There were two other heavy stormwater overflows onto Main South Road.

Affected LifelineA large amount of metal was washed onto the tramway line, stopping traffic.

ImpactA lorry went through the road where water had eroded away the foundations from under the surface.

Affected LifelineSome trains were delayed or suspended on the Main North railway line. There was up to nearly 4 ft (1.22 m) of water on the line in one place.

Damage CostEverything Mr R. Davidson owned was ruined. His sawmill, £100 weir ($8611 2009 dollars) and water race were damaged. His 8-roomed house was severely damaged (estimated damage was £1000 ($86,110 2009 dollars)). Water was up to the window sills, the foundations were undermined and there was debris upto 7 ft (2.13 m) on the lawn. There was £100 ($8611 2009 dollars) damage to the furniture in the shed and the grounds had became part of the riverbed.

Crop DamageCrops were ruined in the vicinity of NZ Paper Mills.

DamageWater poured in windows at NZ Paper Mills at 5pm on the 19th. The ground floor was flooded and work stopped. The weir was carried away and concrete pillars of the water tank were undermined.

ImpactEvery residence in the vicinity of Malvern Streen bridge was inundated.

ImpactWater reached 9 in (0.23 m) in several houses and 3 ft (0.91 m) in some houses near the Gardens.

DamageThe surfaces of streets were torn up and there were huge piles of debris. At the Garden's corner, there were tons of silt gathered where Lindsay's Creek and The Leith converged. The Botanic Gardens were severely damaged.

DamageThere was severe damage to shops on the main road.

Affected LifelineHarrow Street and St. Andrew Street area was one of the worst hit in the city. Water was still lapping at the window sills at midday on the 20th.

Affected LifelineThe tram service along Castle Street was dislocated.

ImpactFlooding included Messrs, Kempthorne and Prosser's chemical works and the Milburn Lime Company's premises.

Damage CostThere was hundreds of pounds of damage to Messrs R. Hudson and Co. The Messrs McLeod Bros.' factory had damage running into 4 figures. Water was up to 4 ft (1.22 m), up to 9 in (0.23 m) higher than the 1923 flood. Messrs Stone and Co. had damage estimated at £400-500 ($34,400-43,100 2009 dollars). Messrs Paterson and Barr's warehouse had damage worth £500 ($43,100 2009 dollars).

ImpactVictoria Hotel had water almost up to the counter top.

ImpactBathgate Park and Carisbrook had water almost up to the top of the boundary fence.

ImpactMarion Street had a heap of 4 ft (1.22 m) high of gravel, metal and silt.

Affected LifelineMain South Road had asphalt torn as if by an explosive between Fitzroy and Playfair Streets.

DamageAt Harraway's Mill, there was considerable damage to stock stored in the cellars.

InjuriesA man was found lying in flood water at the corner of Park Terrace and King Edward Street. He suffered from cold and exposure.

CommentConditions were generally observed to be less serious than those of the 1923 flood.

Physical CharacteristicWillow Bank had water up to 2 ft (0.61 m) and the grounds of houses were inundated.

Affected LifelineEarly in the evening of the 19th, water reached the top of George Street bridge and the road all round it was impassable.

ImpactDuke Street bridge was seriously threatened and couldn't be crossed safely. The huge volume of water escaping at Duke Street bridge poured into Woodhaugh Gardens. The greater part of it flowed along George Street to Howe Street corner where shops and houses were invaded, then turned into King Street. From St. David Street to Union Street water from higher levels formed a lake. At the northern end of King Street and the entire length of Castle Street resembled rivers along which flood waters poured into the centre of the city.

ImpactThe low-lying area round St. Andrew Street at the junction with Caste and Cumberland Street was the most seriously affected. Water in some cases was reaching window sills and all houses in the vicinity was vacated.

ImpactAt 10pm on the 19th, the flood water reached the Daily Times office in Lower High Street, then flowed into Rattray Street.

ImpactQueen's Gardens were under water.

Damage CostThe council received a claim for £600 ($51,700 2009 dollars) for a place which had been washed away.

ImpactThe back of a house in Malvern Street sunk on its piles.

Impact506 homes in Dunedin were affected by the flood.

Damage CostThe Linoleum Assessment Committee estimated that £2620 ($225,600 2009 dollars) was required to replace the damaged linoleums and floor coverings for the 406 homes assessed.

Physical CharacteristicBulk of damage at occurred at the north end of the city where streams overflowed to invade shops and houses to depths between 4 in and 4 ft (0.10-1.22 m).

Damage CostDamage to works in Dunedin cost £50,847 ($4,379,000 2009 dollars) and damage to the water supply cost £13,167 ($1,134,000 2009 dollars).

ImpactAll shipping work was at a standstill on the 19th and at least five ships were delayed.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineNumerous extensive slips occurred on hillsides carrying away roads as well as blocking them in many places. Many slips occurred on the Central Otago line.

Affected LifelineThere was a landslide near Mihikawa tunnel abd a slide of stone near Port Chalmers on the main north railway line.

Affected LifelineA slip fell on the railway line near the southern end of the Caversham tunnel.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Hampden
Map Location: -45.327296 170.819568
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHampden recorded 4.20 in (10.67 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

FloodingFlooding at Kaikorai Valley
Map Location: -45.90065 170.44868
Comments:

ImpactKaikorai Stream was a raging torrent and a wide area at Green Island and Burnside was flooded. Hundreds of small streams from hillsides had swelled its volume.

ImpactThe Burnside Sale Yards and the low-lying flats were inundated.

Physical CharacteristicGreen Island had water on road up to 5 ft (1.52 m) and all road traffic was suspended.

ImpactSix lorries and two cars were stranded bonnet-deep at one point.

Physical CharacteristicThere was disastrous flooding of nearby houses and some residents had to leaving their homes. One house was estimated to have 7 ft (2.13 m) of water in it.

FloodingFlooding at Lake Mahinerangi
Map Location: -45.833575 169.88652
Comments:

Peak DischargeThe peak discharge from Lake Mahinerangi was 23,800 cusecs (674 cumecs).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Lawrence
Map Location: -45.914289 169.691279
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicLawrence recorded 2.50 in (6.35 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th. The heavy rain continued over this period, practically without a break.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactPeople began to remove household goods, but creeks began to recede in the early hours of the morning on the 20th.

Affected LifelineThere were two or three washouts on the Lawrence to Milton section of the railway line. This interferred with the usual timetable.

FloodingFlooding at Lindsay Creek
Map Location: -45.78672 170.50066
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicLindsay Creek had a flood discharge of 2440 cusecs (69 cumecs).

ImpactLindsay Creek also broke its banks and, from the Gardens northward, the flood was the worst experienced in memory.

Affected LifelineThe bridge over Lindsay Creek collapsed.

CommentThe first break in Lindsay Creek was at Calder's quarry and there were several minor breaks as the creek neared the Gardens.

FloodingFlooding at Mosgiel
Map Location: -45.882205 170.333108
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was 2 ft (0.61 m) of water on road near the dairy factory and water over the railway line at Gordon Road.

Affected LifelineIn Mosgiel, a lot of water was collected in the streets due to backed up drains.

Affected LifelineLarge areas of the railway lines were under water between Wingatui and Mosgiel.

ImpactThree cars were stranded on the road.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Ngapara
Map Location: -44.950049 170.754505
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicNgapara recorded 4.58 in (11.63 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Oamaru
Map Location: -45.087138 170.980874
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOamaru recorded 6.16 in (15.65 cm) of rain in 24 hours (which has a return period of 150 years).

Physical CharacteristicOamaru recorded 6.59 in (16.74 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to morning on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicOamaru recorded 2.24 in (5.69 cm) of rain in two and a half hours from 4pm to 6:30pm on the 19th.

CommentThe deluge fell over an extensive area. It was the heaviest downpour experienced in Oamaru for many years.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

DamageSevere flooding in occurred in Oamaru and a great amount of damage was done in the town.

CommentStormwater channels were unable to cope with the surface water.

ImpactMany business premises and dwellings were isolated by large expanses of water.

ImpactOccupants of four houses in Reed and Aln Streets were flooded out.

Affected LifelineThe approaches to the bridge at Takaro Park were washed away by the creek.

DamageSeveral shops suffered severely. Few shops and houses escaped some damage.

DamageSeveral concrete retaining walls in various parts of the town were washed away. A new retaining wall at Reed St Convent collapsed during storm, as did similar structures at residences in Wharfe St, cnr of Stour and Lune Sts, Test St and Tees St

ImpactA number of houses in the low-lying portions of town were flooded to the windowsills.

DamageThe damage to roads and footpaths was extensive in different localities subsidences of the ground occurred.

DamageOn South Hill deep channels were cut into several streets and new embankment work in Severn Street was severely damaged.

DamageDamage suffered at the business premises in Thames Street and stocks in a number of stores in Habour Street were damaged.

DamageThree low-lying private residences were flooded out, in Cross Lane, Aln Street and Reed Street. There was considerable loss to these residents as most of the furniture and all the wallpaper and floor coverings were ruined by floodwater reaching over the window sills. Two residences in a depression in Greta Street experienced similar conditions.

DamageThe Public Gardens suffered much damage. A layer of mud was deposited over many of the lawns, several flower beds were scoured out and the footbridge over Oamaru Creek was carried away.

ImpactA few ploughed paddocks were scoured out.

Affected LifelineAt 2:30pm on the 19th, the main road between Oamaru and Kurow was rendered impassable for long stretches by a roaring torrent of floodwater.

ImpactStormwater made several breaches in the water race to the Oamaru reservoir.

Affected LifelineThe road was impassable from Awamoko to Altavady station and also to Papakaio.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Ophir
Map Location: -45.109548 169.608839
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOphir recorded 20 points (0.71 cm) of rain in 20 hours to 4pm on the 19th.

LandslideLandslide at Otago Peninsula
Map Location: -45.899667 170.698401
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe peninsula road had several small landslides by early afternoon of the 19th. One slide of rock and clay at Waverley completely blocked the road.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otiake
Map Location: -44.78917 170.50742
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOtiake recorded 5 in (12.7 cm) of rain from the night of the 18th to the morning of the 20th.

LandslideLandslide at Port Chalmers
Map Location: -45.819968 170.626226
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was minor slips and partial washouts on the roads.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Ross Creek Reservoir
Map Location: -45.845732 170.498979
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicRoss Creek Reservoir recorded 0.52 in (1.32 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicRoss Creek Reservoir recorded 11 in (27.94 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th (which has a return period of over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentIt was estimated that the heaviest fall was at Ross Creek, which was in direct path of the storm.

Affected LifelineThere were water shortages in some areas, including Ross Creek.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Roxburgh
Map Location: -45.54246 169.300336
Comments:

CommentSteady rain set in on the evening of the 19th and continued through the night.

Physical CharacteristicRoxburgh recorded 1 in (3.05 cm) of rain from the evening of the 19th to the morning of the 20th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Silver Stream
Map Location: -45.813155 170.427005
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHead of Silver Stream Race recorded 0.61 in (1.55 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicHead of Silver Stream Race recorded 7.68 in (19.51 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

Physical CharacteristicHead of Silverstream Race recorded 3 in (7.62 cm) of rain in three hours.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactNear Silver Stream, there was water in some farmhouses.

Physical CharacteristicThe Silver Stream Valley pumphouse flooded to a depth of 20 in (0.51 m).

ImpactA portion of Mr Greave's farm on banks of Silver Stream near Gow's Crossing was washed away.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

CommentNumerous slips occurred on the Silver Stream race and Ross Creek Reservoir.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Sullivans Dam
Map Location: -45.80621 170.524475
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicSullivans Dam recorded 0.55 in (1.40 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicSullivans Dam recorded 9.3 in (23.62 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th (which has a return period of over 150 years).

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactA slip occurred in the gully below the dam.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was interruption of water supply to high level reservoirs from Sullivans dam.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Taieri Plain
Map Location: -45.88401 170.253762
Comments:

CommentRain commenced at 10pm on the 18th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentSilver Stream and Owhiro overflowed before nightfall.

Affected LifelineAll low-lying roads were under water.

Affected LifelineRoad communication was practically cut off on all sides.

Affected LifelineThe express train from Dunedin to Invercargilll had to return due to water on the railway line. There was water on the line at Outram.

Stock DamageOne farmer lost 58 ewes.

Stock DamageThere were losses of fowls. Several fowl runs were almost depleted of fowls.

DamageThere was damage to gardens due to scouring and vegetables were strewn about.

Crop DamageIn many paddocks crops were washed up against fences, potato crops were ruined and grain stacked in barns became soaked.

CommentThere was a fair amount of flooding on Taieri Plain but not to a great extent.

Physical CharacteristicTaieri River peaked at 14 ft (4.27 m) at Outram Bridge.

ImpactThe contour channel burst in a few places.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waipori
Map Location: -45.825132 169.882143
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaipori recorded 3.5 in (8.89 cm) in 24 hours.

Physical CharacteristicWaipori recorded 1.5 in (3.81 cm) of rain up to 8pm on the 19th.

FloodingFlooding at Waipori River
Map Location: -45.92281 170.0046
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaipori River had a discharge of 23,840 cusecs (675 cumecs) at Lake Mahinerangi with a catchment area of 123 sq miles (319 km^2).

Physical CharacteristicThe level at the dam rose 6 in (0.15 m) but it was still 6 ft (1.83 m) below the banks.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Water of Leith
Map Location: -45.86948 170.52199
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaitati-Leith station recorded 9.41 (23.90 cm) in of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentFlooding of the Leith was due to a phenomenal rainfall in the back country. The most remarkable feature of the rainfall was its intensity.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood was believed to be the highest experienced in the Water of Leith. The flood was estimated at a greater than 200 year event in the Leith.

Physical CharacteristicThe Water of Leith had a discharge of 11,340 cusecs (321 cumecs) below Lindsays Creek with a catchment area of 15.24 sq miles (39.5 km^2).

Physical CharacteristicWater of Leith had a flood discharge above Lindsays Creek of 8900 cusecs (252 cumecs).

Affected LifelineThe Leith Valley bridge was damaged.

ImpactRiver overflowed at Harrow Street foot bridge where debris had piled up and part of the bridge collapsed later.

ImpactRiver overflowed in the Gardens Reserve shortly before 6pm on the 19th. There was flooding in the Botanic Gardens, Woodhaugh Gardens and Queen's Gardens.

CommentThe Leith changed its course by cutting off a corner and returning to its former course.

Affected LifelineThere were numerous places of scouring along the road.

CommentThe river carried down huge trees and boulders, telegraph poles and a section of large concrete protective wall.

CommentThe flood was at its worst just above the junction of The Leith and Pine Hill Creek.

ImpactThe Water of Leith overflowed its banks in many places flooding low-lying portions of the town. It was overflowing at Leith Street at 5pm on the 19th. Overflow also inundated Castle Street and Cumberland Street into lower High Street and as far as Rattray Street.

ImpactMost of the houses on and near the banks of the Leith were invaded by water to a depth of three to four feet (0.91-1.22 m). Many of the residents were forced to move.

DamageThere was extensive erosion along the banks of The Leith. At the University, the bank was washed away for 150 yards or more, and the memorial walk and trees disappeared.

Physical CharacteristicGreat quantities of silt were deposition on both sides of the Leith. There was 6200 cubic yards (4740 cubic metres) removed.

ImpactRestricting the Leith was the cause of a great deal of the damage and flooding. The mouth of the stream had been narrowed, the tide backed up and water was backed up in sewers leading to severe flooding.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineAt Leith Valley School, water from the Leith undermined the bank. A slip brought down a large portion of road and debris.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Whare Flat
Map Location: -45.813155 170.427005
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWhare Flat recorded 0.57 in (1.45 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 8am on the 19th.

Physical CharacteristicWhare Flat recorded 9.41 in (23.90 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 20th (which has a return period of over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWhare Creek recorded 4.76 in (12.09 cm) of rain in 4.5 hours.

Damage CostThere were badly scoured roads. Whare Flat Road cost at least £500 ($43,100 2009 dollars) to repair.

FloodingFlooding at Williams Creek
Comments:

Affected LifelineA Williams Creek the bridge was endangered by scouring.

Southland

FloodingFlooding at Mataura River
Map Location: -46.159885 168.915782
Comments:

Peak DischargeThe annual maximum flood discharge of the Mataura River was 311 cumecs on the 21st.

References

Cowie, C.A.: Attwood, A.K. (1957) Floods in New Zealand 1920-53, The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand, p.239.
Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
MacLean, M., McGregor Wilke, J., and Alexander, J.G.(n.d.). Water of Leith and Lindsay's Creek, Dunedin.
Major weather events in New Zealand, FLOODS and HIGH RAINFALL to 31st May 2006
Municipality of Dunedin. City of Dunedin (New Zealand), Departmental Reports For the Year 1928-1929.
Municipality of Dunedin. City of Dunedin (New Zealand), Departmental Reports For the Year 1929-1930.
NZ Met Service. (2008). Meteorology of Extreme Rainfalls in New Zealand (Mark Pascoe, Ed.).
Headline: An Intermittent Rainfall.
Otago Daily Times, 19 July 1929.
Headline: A Destructive Gale: Storm at Opotiki.
Otago Daily Times, 19 March 1927.
Headline: A Disastrous Flood.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Along the Railway Line.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Central Otago: Six Inches of Rain.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Conditions on the Taieri.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Four Inches of Rain: An Unbroken Downpour.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: In the North End.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Kaikorai Stream Overflows: Green Island and Burnside Inundated.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: On the Waterfront: Shipping Held Up.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: The North Line.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: The Peninsula Road: Traffic Blocked.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: The Southern Area.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Waipori Supply: No Trouble Anticipated.
Otago Daily Times, 20 March 1929.
Headline: Around Pelichet Bay.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: City Engineer's Report.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Five Inches of Rain: A Steady Downpour.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Little Damage at Port Chalmers.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Mosgiel and Taieri: Some Stock Losses Reported, River Falling Rapidly.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Narrow Escape from Drowning.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: North-East Valley.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Railway Services: Slips Delay Northbound Trains.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: School Attendances Affected: Many Pupils Absent.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: South Otago: Heavy Rainfall.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: The Business District.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: The Leith Valley.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: The Southern Suburbs.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: Washout on Central Line: Locomotive Fireman Killed.
Otago Daily Times, 21 March 1929.
Headline: A Phenomenal Rainfall.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: A Public Meeting.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: Flood Damage, Linoleums and Floor Coverings.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: The Recent Flood.
Otago Witness, 2 April 1929.
Headline: A Disastrous Flood.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Conditions at Roxburgh.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Cromwell Gorge Affected.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Downpour at Waimate.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Heavy Fall at Cromwell.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Heavy Rain at Lawrence.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: In the North End.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Mosgiel and Taieri.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: Storm in Christchurch.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Headline: The Oamaru District.
Otago Witness, 26 March 1929.
Owen, R.E. (1969). Hydrology Annual No.16, 1968. Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council. Wellington, NZ: The Ministry of Works.
Surface Water Hydrology of the Mataura River Catchment.
Headline: Gale At Opotiki, Worst For Years.
Thames Star, 19 March (Tuesday) 1929.
The New Zealand Herald, 19 March (Tuesday) 1929. Headlne: Fierce Gale at Opotiki, Extensive Damage Done, Fences and Roofs Suffer, Losses of Maize Crops.
Headline:Dunedin Flood, Waters Quickly Subside
The Press, 21 March 1929.
Headline:Torrential Rains at Dunedin
The Press, 20 March 1929.