NZ Historic Weather Events Catalogue

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ExtremeApril 1938 Gisborne and Hawke's Bay Flooding ( 1938-04-23 )

100+ years

Prolonged heavy rain over three days caused severe flooding in Gisborne and Hawke's Bay. Most roads suffered from slips or flooding. The hardest hit area was Esk Valley in Hawke's Bay where most homes and farmland was buried by silt or ruined by floodwaters and landslides.

North Island

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at North Island
Duration:   3  days - Heavy rain began falling on the morning of the 23rd and continued through the 24th and 25th of April.
Comments:

CauseThe main feature was the slow-moving low to north of the North Island. Extreme rainfalls occurred in a fairly small area - lying in broad convergence zone between humid eastnortheast flow and cooler eastsoutheasterlies. Distribution of rainfall was similar throughout the three days of the storm.

CommentThe prolonged heavy rainfall event to Gisborne and Hawkes Bay districts had a return period of over 100 years.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactScarcely a hill from the north of Gisborne to the south of Napier was free of slips.

Gisborne

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Gisborne
Comments:

CauseOn the 23rd an anticyclone centred south-east of New Zealand and depression developed about 500 km north of Cape Reinga. On the 25th a much intensified cyclone centred east of Gisborne and brought prolonged heavy rain to Gisborne and Hawke's Bay districts.

ImpactHeavy rain coastal belt and inland as far as the Waipaoa and Mangatu Valleys caused serious flooding association with the Esk Valley floods in Hawke's Bay.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CasualtiesTwo men drowned in the Gisborne district.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Gisborne City
Map Location: -38.656661 178.017356
Comments:

Affected LifelineSlips, washouts, and damage to bridge approaches were reported from many parts of the district.

Affected LifelineThere was damage caused on two main highways to the south, via Morere and Tiniroto.

Affected LifelineThe East Coast main highway was badly damaged in places.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a water shortage in Gisborne district. Landslides destroyed 70 feet of pipeline carrying the water supply.

FloodingFlooding at Hiruharama
Map Location: -37.928526 178.261414
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe low-lying stretch near Makarika was flooded.

FloodingFlooding at Mangahanea Marae
Map Location: -37.92135 178.388443
Comments:

Affected LifelineHalf a mile of road at Mangahanea was impassible.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Muriwai
Map Location: -38.750443 177.924381
Comments:

CommentThere was 60 hours continuous rain in the Muriwai district.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineIn the Muriwai district there was serious damage. A temporary low-level bridge over Maraetaha Stream was washed away and roads were damaged.

Physical CharacteristicAt one place 12 ft (3.66 m) of water covered the road.

Stock DamageStock losses were small.

Affected LifelineRoads in parts of the district were blocked by slips and wash outs and much material damage occurred.

Affected LifelineIn many places immediately south of Muriwai the road was underwater.

ImpactAcres and acres of land flooded on the farms adjoining the coastal hills in the Muriwai district.

ImpactFrom Muriwai to Manutuke the flood was evident. From the foothills to the coast and from the Muriwai Beach to the Waipaoa River the flat country was inundated. A number of houses were completely surrounded and isolated.

Crop DamageHaystacks and crops were ruined.

FloodingFlooding at Ruatoria
Map Location: -37.890508 178.310264
Comments:

Affected LifelineRuatoria was isolated following heavy rain.

Affected LifelineEvery road leading to the township was impassable.

Affected LifelineA bridge approach was gone, near Mawer's, between Ruatoria and Te Puia.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineTakapau Hill was blocked by slips.

FloodingFlooding at Te Araroa
Map Location: -37.633021 178.355369
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe approach to the Awatere bridge was washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Tikitiki
Map Location: -37.797294 178.411972
Comments:

ImpactA garage situated on the main road near Maraehara bridge swept into the river.

Affected LifelineApproaches to the Awatere and Rangitukia bridges were washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Tokomaru Bay
Map Location: -38.12831 178.319381
Comments:

ImpactTerrific rain caused extensive flooding in Tokomaru Bay.

DamageThere was considerable damage in the township.

Affected LifelineTwo bridges were damaged. The approach to Maungahauini bridge washed out and the bridge near Te Puka Hotel collapsed.

ImpactSilt covered low-lying areas to a depth of one foot (0.3 m) in places.

ImpactHuge boulders were brought down.

ImpactThe school grounds suffered. About 6 in (15 cm) of silt was left on the grounds and huge boulders were lying about in many places.

ImpactDeep deposits of silt were left around houses.

Affected LifelineThe road between Tokomaru Bay and Tolaga Bay was blocked at Arero and Mangatuna. Water was 3 ft (0.91 m) over the road at Arero.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tolaga Bay
Map Location: -38.370254 178.307107
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTolaga Bay recorded 5.64 in (14.33 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending 9am on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Tuparoa
Map Location: -37.91336 178.386641
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Tuparoa road was gone completely.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waima
Map Location: -38.106264 178.347759
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaima recorded 8.19 in (20.80 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending 9am on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Waiomatatini
Map Location: -37.811983 178.397155
Comments:

DamageThe dining hall was undermined and collapsed.

Damage"The Bungalow" was flooded and extensive damage done.

Affected LifelinePart of the Whakaangiangi Road was washed away by the Awatere River.

Affected LifelineSettlers were isolated.

Affected LifelineThe approach and part of the bridge at Kainunga, on the way to Waiomatatini disappeared.

FloodingFlooding at Waipaoa River
Map Location: -38.266881 177.311324
Comments:

ImpactWaipaoa River rose to very high flood levels and overtopped its banks in several places causing extensive flooding.

Hawke's Bay

FloodingFlooding at Hawke's Bay
Comments:

ImpactFor three days there was heavy rain and severe flooding was widespread throughout Hawke's Bay.

DamageThere was unprecedented damage to roads, bridges, fences, livestock and other property.

CauseThe meteorological system, which gave cause to the exceptional rainfall, was a warm moist air front from the north-east meeting a cooler air front from the south-east, the ascent of the warm air being accentuated by the continuous range of mountains in Hawkes Bay and Poverty Bay.

AreaThe distribution of rainfall was similar on each day despite the movement of the storm, thus pointing to the dominant influence of the topography. The area of heavy rainfall was a well defined area about 10 miles wide, parallel with the Hawkes Bay coast and extending from Kotemaori down a point in the Tutaekuri watershed, a distance of 35-40 miles.

DamageThere was extensive damage to public works.

Affected LifelineOn the Napier-Wairoa state highway the Waikoau, Waikare and Mohaka Bridges were washed away and 8 of the 12 spans of the Esk River Bridge were destroyed.

Affected LifelineOn the Napier-Palmerston North State Highway, the Waitangi Bridge over Tutaekuri River suffered serious damage through scour. Four spans of the bridge subsided and the river bed was scoured out by the river to a depth of 40 ft (12.19 m).

Damage CostThe repairs to Waitangi Bridge cost £10,746 ($976,700 2010 dollars).

ImpactFloodwaters covered large areas at Clive, Meeanee, Taradale and Papakura.

ImpactMany families were forced to leave their houses in some districts. Other families were completely isolated and had to have supplies dropped down to them by an aircraft over a period of weeks.

CommentThe sea was discoloured for miles around the coast by silt carried by the flooded streams.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactSlipping on hillsides ocurred at a spectacular scale. The majority of the slips were shallow and were the culmination of sheet erosion and heavy rainfall.

Affected LifelineThe route from Napier to Wairoa was badly blocked by a slip at Tutiroa and two spans of the Mohaka traffic bridge was washed away.

Affected LifelineAlong the route from Wairoa to Waikaremoana there were two slips, one in Ohuka Gorge and the other at Omahanui.

Affected LifelineThere was a large slip at Tuhara Hill on the road between Gisborne and Wairoa.

DamageIn the Waikare district thousands of acres of pasturage was lost from hillsides and farming progress was set back many years.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard
Comments:

DamageThe Napier-Wairoa Railway suffered serious damage. An estimated 20,000 cubic yards (15,291 cubic metres) was lost in washouts in banks, and slips amounting to 15,000 cubic yards (11,468 cubic metres) came down onto tracks. 3000 cubic yards (2294 cubic metres) of ballast was also lost.

DamageCounty damage was severe. About 12 bridges were washed away and 42 were severely damaged.

Damage CostFlood damage to state highway bridges amounted to £50,000 ($4,544,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostFlood damage to highways amounted to £50,000 ($4,544,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostDamage to county roads and bridges amounted to £48,000 ($4,363,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostTotal damage to roads and bridges amounted to £200,000 ($18,177,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostDamage to roads, railway lines and bridges throughout central Hawke's Bay cost £400,000 ($36,355,000 2010 dollars).

CommentThe Minister of Public Works, the late Mr R.Semple, said that the loss of property, public and private seemed to exceed that of the Hawkes Bay earthquake.

Affected LifelineAll communication was gone and roads and railways were made unusable.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Anawai
Map Location: -39.86267 176.87638
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicAnawai recorded 1.84 in (4.67 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallAnawai recorded 10.89 in (27.66 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicAnawai recorded 10.74 in (27.28 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Bay View
Map Location: -39.41843 176.87551
Comments:

ImpactEsk River, instead of flowing out to sea at its usual mouth, took its old course and flooded 7000 acres of land reclaimed from the inner harbour by the earthquake of 1931.

FloodingFlooding at Clive
Map Location: -39.586947 176.912721
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicClive township was flooded to a depth of 3 ft (0.91 m). During the height of the flood the floodwaters reached a depth of 5 ft (1.52 m) in the largest part of the township.

ImpactResidents were rescued by boats.

Property DamageMany homes were uninhabitable at Clive where the stop bank of the Ngaruroro River broke.

Damage CostRailway line was washed out and there was damage amounting to £9000 ($818,000 2010 dollars) to the Waitangi road bridge.

Stock DamageThe loss of stock in Clive was 1500 to 2000 sheep.

FloodingFlooding at Dartmoor
Map Location: -39.482953 176.690437
Comments:

Peak DischargeTutaekuri River had a peak discharge of 96,500 cusecs (2733 cumecs) at Dartmoor from a catchment area of 308 sq miles (798 km^2).

FloodingFlooding at Esk River
Map Location: -39.188987 176.788919
Comments:

Peak DischargeEsk River had a peak discharge of 64,700 cusecs (1832 cumecs) above Mangakopikopiko Stream from a catchment area of 77 sq miles (199 km^2).

ImpactThe silt content of the floodwater was remarkable. In the lower Esk Valley, an area of 1750 acres was silted an average of at least 3 ft 6 in (1.07 m) and a depth of 6 ft (1.83 m) to 10 ft (3.05 m) was found over wide areas.

ImpactOn the Napier-Taupo State Highway silt covered the road to depth 3 to 4 ft (0.91-1.22 m) in the Esk Valley.

Stock DamageThere were considerable stock losses, especially in the Esk Valley.

Physical CharacteristicIn the Upper Esk Valley the river rose 30 ft (9.14 m) above normal to reach apoint 15 ft (4.57 m) higher than any previous flood.

Affected LifelineA bridge of the main road through Esk Valley with its pylons and supports was washed out to sea, leaving only the approaches.

AreaA greater part of 20,000 acres (8094 ha) was flooded in Esk Valley and a bed of silt 2-10 feet (0.61-3.05 m) thick was deposited over the valley floor, obliterating fences and fields.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Property DamageMany homes were almost buried by silt and others were wrecked by floodwaters and landslides in Esk Valley.

Property DamageA home in Esk Valley had their home completely destroyed by a landslide. The mass of earth was estimated to be 50 ft (15.24 m) deep.

FloodingFlooding at Eskdale
Map Location: -39.394568 176.82922
Comments:

Peak Water LevelAt the Eskdale Railway Station the water depth over the floor was 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) and the silt depth 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) (representing 81 percent solids by volume). Near the Wairoa Road crossing the water depth was 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) and the silt depth 2 ft 11 in (0.89 m) (representing 69 percent solids by volume). It would appear that the silt discharge was no less than 75 percent by volume. Where floodwaters inundated houses in Esk Valley, the depth of silting was approximately three-quarters of the depth of flooding.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Hastings
Map Location: -39.635771 176.828045
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHastings recorded 271 mm (27.1 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Peak RainfallHastings recorded 194 mm (19.4 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th (which has a return period of 130 years).

Affected LifelineHastings was isolated.

Physical CharacteristicHastings was inundated to depths of up to 3 ft (0.91 m).

FloodingFlooding at Haumoana
Map Location: -39.602913 176.946842
Comments:

ImpactThe township was underwater and the residents had to be rescued by boats.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Kereru
Map Location: -39.6341 176.42309
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKereru recorded 7.00 in (17.78 cm) of rain in 12 hours.

FloodingFlooding at Kopuawhara Stream
Map Location: -39.044495 177.871583
Comments:

Peak DischargeKopuawhara River was well below the February 1938 flood and had a discharge of 10,000 cusecs (283 cumecs) at No. 3 camp.

DamageThere was great damage in the lower reaches of the river and there was silting on the isthmus flats near Opoutama.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Kotemaori
Map Location: -39.062668 177.042276
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKotemaori recorded 1.95 in (4.95 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallKotemaori recorded 9.03 in (22.94 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicKotemaori recorded 7.80 in (19.81 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Lake Tutira
Map Location: -39.22222 176.8933
Comments:

Peak Water LevelLake Tutira rose 10 ft (3.05 m) above normal during the flood.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Maraekakaho
Map Location: -39.64746 176.619961
Comments:

Peak RainfallMaraekakaho recorded 13 in (33.02 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 12pm on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Matahorua Stream
Map Location: -39.15698 177.01386
Comments:

Peak DischargeMatahorua Stream had a peak discharge of 20,200 cusecs (572 cumecs) above the junction with Waikari River.

FloodingFlooding at Mohaka
Map Location: -39.114358 177.197486
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe northern portal of Mohaka Tunnel was blocked by 15 ft (4.57 m) of debris and water backed up in the tunnel.

FloodingFlooding at Mohaka River
Map Location: -39.00592 176.98206
Comments:

Peak DischargeMohaka River had a peak discharge of 36,700 cusecs (1039 cumecs) at the Napier-Taupo State Highway.

Peak DischargeMohaka River had a peak discharge of 225,000 cusecs (6371 cumecs) at the viaduct from a catchment area of 900 sq miles (2331 km^2). The river rose 45 ft (13.72 m) above normal at the viaduct.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Napier
Map Location: -39.502426 176.892804
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicNapier recorded 274 mm (27.4 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of 100 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Peak RainfallNapier recorded 169 mm (16.9 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th (which has a return period of 50 years).

Affected LifelineNapier was isolated. The road north to Gisborne was impassable and also the road to Taupo. The main road south and the alternate road through Fernhill was blocked.

Affected LifelineTelephone communications with many outlying districts was cut off.

Physical CharacteristicNapier was inundated to depths of up to 3 ft (0.91 m).

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

InjuriesOne person was injured when a slip came down on a house at Napier.

FloodingFlooding at Ngaruroro River
Map Location: -39.580827 176.799364
Comments:

ImpactNgaruroro River broke its banks near Chesterhope, swept across flatlands and inundated farms near Pakowhai, the Karamu Settlement and Whatatu.

ImpactHomes were isolated as waters rose to window level.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Puketitiri
Map Location: -39.283957 176.524962
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicPuketitiri recorded 9.14 in (23.22 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallPuketitiri recorded 15.39 in (39.09 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicPuketitiri recorded 14.87 in (37.77 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicPuketitiri recorded 1001 mm (100.1 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of well over 150 years).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Putorino
Map Location: -39.13145 176.99983
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicPutorino recorded 4.00 in (10.16 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallPutorino recorded 16.50 in (41.91 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicPutorino recorded 11.60 in (29.46 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicPutorino recorded 815 mm (81.5 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of well over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding at Rissington
Map Location: -39.427512 176.704332
Comments:

Peak DischargeMangaone Stream had a peak discharge of 39,200 cusecs (1110 cumecs) at Rissington from a catchment area of 87 sq miles (225 km^2).

FloodingFlooding at Riverslea
Comments:

ImpactAt Riverslea, between Bay View and Eskdale, the railway station disappeared.

FloodingFlooding at Tangoio
Map Location: -39.327667 176.914911
Comments:

CasualtiesA man was drowned in his home at Tangoio.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tarewa station
Map Location: -38.937547 177.808722
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTarewa recorded 2.22 in (5.64 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallTawera recorded 6.05 in (15.37 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicTarewa recorded 11.42 in (29.01 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Te Haroto
Map Location: -39.12575 176.60488
Comments:

Affected LifelineTe Haroto was isolated by slips and floodwaters after five days. Food was short and sickness was prevalent.

FloodingFlooding at Tukituki River
Map Location: -39.900244 176.162889
Comments:

Peak DischargeTukituki River had a peak discharge of 200,000 cusecs (5663 cumecs) from a catchment area of 1040 sq miles (2694 km^2).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tutira
Map Location: -39.207531 176.881485
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTutira recorded 3.05 in (7.75 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallTutira recorded 12.76 in (32.41 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicTutira recorded 8.23 in (20.90 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicTutira recorded 610 mm (61.0 cm) of rain in three days.

FloodingFlooding at Waikari River
Map Location: -39.125171 176.995545
Comments:

Peak DischargeWaikari River had a peak discharge of 26,100 cusecs (739 cumecs) at point 2 miles below the Napier-Gisborne state highway.

FloodingFlooding at Waikoau River
Map Location: -39.24514 176.88212
Comments:

Peak DischargeWaikoau River had a peak discharge of 38,700 cusecs (1096 cumecs) at the state highway bridge from a catchment area of 49.4 sq miles (128 km^2).

FloodingFlooding at Waipawa
Map Location: -39.940581 176.600338
Comments:

CommentWaipawa River was in high flood.

FloodingFlooding at Waipukurau
Map Location: -39.999445 176.562423
Comments:

Stock DamageSome cattle and sheep were lost in the Waipukurau district.

CommentTukituki River rose rapidly in town but was still 2 ft (0.61 m) below the level of the February 1938 flood.

Affected LifelineThere was a washout of the filling on the overhead bridge between Waipukurau and Waipawa.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wairoa
Map Location: -39.041861 177.423248
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThe Railway Station recorded 7.85 in (19.94 cm) of rain in 36 hours ending 9pm on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactVery heavy rainfall caused severe flooding in Wairoa and the surrounding district. The town was completely isolated.

Affected LifelineThe Ruakituri Valley road was badly blocked at Doughboys cutting.

DamageThe inundation caused a considerable amount of damage.

CommentThe landing at the wharf was completely underwater.

EvacueesHouses at the lower end of Lahore Street invaded by water and several houses were evacuated.

Impact A view of the Waiotahi Valley, near Wairoa, showed the whole of the area covered by silt-laden waters.

Stock DamageHeavy stock losses were inflicted on the farmers.

LandslideLandslide at Whakaki
Map Location: -39.0358 177.589381
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a huge slip blocking the road in the Whakaki area and there were other minor slips.

Affected LifelineA long stretch of road between Waipawa and Tikokino was under several feet of water and the approach to the Mangaonuku bridge was impassable.

Manawatu-Wanganui

FloodingFlooding at Dannevirke
Map Location: -40.212104 176.095139
Comments:

ImpactOn the Takapau plains at Dannevirke flooding of farm lands was reported.

FloodingFlooding at Kopua
Map Location: -40.084248 176.286426
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe approach to the Manawatu bridge near Kopua was washed out.

FloodingFlooding at Manawatu River
Map Location: -40.31344 175.74075
Comments:

ImpactThere was a sudden rise in the Manawatu River due to heavy rain in southern Hawke's Bay which caused minor flooding in the district.

Peak DischargeThe peak reading on the Fitzherbert Bridge gauge was 13.25 ft (4.04 m) with a peak discharge gauged at 42,600 cusecs (1206 cumecs).

Multi HazardMulti Hazard
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe road through the Manawatu Gorge was covered in many parts with small slips and debris and the road became impassable.

References

Cowie, C.A., Attwood, A.K. (1957) Floods in New Zealand 1920-1953, The Soil Conservation Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
Johnston, D.D., and Pearse, L.J. 2007. Hazards in Hawke's Bay. Hawke's Bay Regional Council, Napier, New Zealand.
New Zealand's Nature Hertiage, Hamlyn House, Auckland, Volume 6, Great Storms
NZ Met Service. (2008). Meteorology of Extreme Rainfalls in New Zealand (Mark Pascoe, Ed.).
Reference: 'DISASTERS AND MISHAPS - FLOOD HAZARDS',from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand edited by A.H.McLintock, originally published in 1966
Reference: Hawkes Bay Regional Council: www.hbrc.govt.nz
Grayland, Eugene C. (1957). New Zealand Disasters.
Headline: Flood Surge, Torrential Rain.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Garage Swept Away.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Ruatoria Isolated.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Terrific Rain, Flood On Coast.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Wairoa Isolated, Invaded By River.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Surge subsiding, trail of silt.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 27 April 1938.
Headline: Road Damage, Engineers' Reports.
The Povery Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Widespread Storm And Flood Havoc.
The Povery Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.

ExtremeApril 1938 Gisborne and Hawke's Bay Flooding ( 1938-04-23 )

100+ years

Prolonged heavy rain over three days caused severe flooding in Gisborne and Hawke's Bay. Most roads suffered from slips or flooding. The hardest hit area was Esk Valley in Hawke's Bay where most homes and farmland was buried by silt or ruined by floodwaters and landslides.

North Island

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at North Island
Duration:   3  days - Heavy rain began falling on the morning of the 23rd and continued through the 24th and 25th of April.
Comments:

CauseThe main feature was the slow-moving low to north of the North Island. Extreme rainfalls occurred in a fairly small area - lying in broad convergence zone between humid eastnortheast flow and cooler eastsoutheasterlies. Distribution of rainfall was similar throughout the three days of the storm.

CommentThe prolonged heavy rainfall event to Gisborne and Hawkes Bay districts had a return period of over 100 years.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactScarcely a hill from the north of Gisborne to the south of Napier was free of slips.

Gisborne

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Gisborne
Comments:

CauseOn the 23rd an anticyclone centred south-east of New Zealand and depression developed about 500 km north of Cape Reinga. On the 25th a much intensified cyclone centred east of Gisborne and brought prolonged heavy rain to Gisborne and Hawke's Bay districts.

ImpactHeavy rain coastal belt and inland as far as the Waipaoa and Mangatu Valleys caused serious flooding association with the Esk Valley floods in Hawke's Bay.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CasualtiesTwo men drowned in the Gisborne district.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Gisborne City
Map Location: -38.656661 178.017356
Comments:

Affected LifelineSlips, washouts, and damage to bridge approaches were reported from many parts of the district.

Affected LifelineThere was damage caused on two main highways to the south, via Morere and Tiniroto.

Affected LifelineThe East Coast main highway was badly damaged in places.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a water shortage in Gisborne district. Landslides destroyed 70 feet of pipeline carrying the water supply.

FloodingFlooding at Hiruharama
Map Location: -37.928526 178.261414
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe low-lying stretch near Makarika was flooded.

FloodingFlooding at Mangahanea Marae
Map Location: -37.92135 178.388443
Comments:

Affected LifelineHalf a mile of road at Mangahanea was impassible.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Muriwai
Map Location: -38.750443 177.924381
Comments:

CommentThere was 60 hours continuous rain in the Muriwai district.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineIn the Muriwai district there was serious damage. A temporary low-level bridge over Maraetaha Stream was washed away and roads were damaged.

Physical CharacteristicAt one place 12 ft (3.66 m) of water covered the road.

Stock DamageStock losses were small.

Affected LifelineRoads in parts of the district were blocked by slips and wash outs and much material damage occurred.

Affected LifelineIn many places immediately south of Muriwai the road was underwater.

ImpactAcres and acres of land flooded on the farms adjoining the coastal hills in the Muriwai district.

ImpactFrom Muriwai to Manutuke the flood was evident. From the foothills to the coast and from the Muriwai Beach to the Waipaoa River the flat country was inundated. A number of houses were completely surrounded and isolated.

Crop DamageHaystacks and crops were ruined.

FloodingFlooding at Ruatoria
Map Location: -37.890508 178.310264
Comments:

Affected LifelineRuatoria was isolated following heavy rain.

Affected LifelineEvery road leading to the township was impassable.

Affected LifelineA bridge approach was gone, near Mawer's, between Ruatoria and Te Puia.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Affected LifelineTakapau Hill was blocked by slips.

FloodingFlooding at Te Araroa
Map Location: -37.633021 178.355369
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe approach to the Awatere bridge was washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Tikitiki
Map Location: -37.797294 178.411972
Comments:

ImpactA garage situated on the main road near Maraehara bridge swept into the river.

Affected LifelineApproaches to the Awatere and Rangitukia bridges were washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Tokomaru Bay
Map Location: -38.12831 178.319381
Comments:

ImpactTerrific rain caused extensive flooding in Tokomaru Bay.

DamageThere was considerable damage in the township.

Affected LifelineTwo bridges were damaged. The approach to Maungahauini bridge washed out and the bridge near Te Puka Hotel collapsed.

ImpactSilt covered low-lying areas to a depth of one foot (0.3 m) in places.

ImpactHuge boulders were brought down.

ImpactThe school grounds suffered. About 6 in (15 cm) of silt was left on the grounds and huge boulders were lying about in many places.

ImpactDeep deposits of silt were left around houses.

Affected LifelineThe road between Tokomaru Bay and Tolaga Bay was blocked at Arero and Mangatuna. Water was 3 ft (0.91 m) over the road at Arero.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tolaga Bay
Map Location: -38.370254 178.307107
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTolaga Bay recorded 5.64 in (14.33 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending 9am on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Tuparoa
Map Location: -37.91336 178.386641
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Tuparoa road was gone completely.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waima
Map Location: -38.106264 178.347759
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaima recorded 8.19 in (20.80 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending 9am on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Waiomatatini
Map Location: -37.811983 178.397155
Comments:

DamageThe dining hall was undermined and collapsed.

Damage"The Bungalow" was flooded and extensive damage done.

Affected LifelinePart of the Whakaangiangi Road was washed away by the Awatere River.

Affected LifelineSettlers were isolated.

Affected LifelineThe approach and part of the bridge at Kainunga, on the way to Waiomatatini disappeared.

FloodingFlooding at Waipaoa River
Map Location: -38.266881 177.311324
Comments:

ImpactWaipaoa River rose to very high flood levels and overtopped its banks in several places causing extensive flooding.

Hawke's Bay

FloodingFlooding at Hawke's Bay
Comments:

ImpactFor three days there was heavy rain and severe flooding was widespread throughout Hawke's Bay.

DamageThere was unprecedented damage to roads, bridges, fences, livestock and other property.

CauseThe meteorological system, which gave cause to the exceptional rainfall, was a warm moist air front from the north-east meeting a cooler air front from the south-east, the ascent of the warm air being accentuated by the continuous range of mountains in Hawkes Bay and Poverty Bay.

AreaThe distribution of rainfall was similar on each day despite the movement of the storm, thus pointing to the dominant influence of the topography. The area of heavy rainfall was a well defined area about 10 miles wide, parallel with the Hawkes Bay coast and extending from Kotemaori down a point in the Tutaekuri watershed, a distance of 35-40 miles.

DamageThere was extensive damage to public works.

Affected LifelineOn the Napier-Wairoa state highway the Waikoau, Waikare and Mohaka Bridges were washed away and 8 of the 12 spans of the Esk River Bridge were destroyed.

Affected LifelineOn the Napier-Palmerston North State Highway, the Waitangi Bridge over Tutaekuri River suffered serious damage through scour. Four spans of the bridge subsided and the river bed was scoured out by the river to a depth of 40 ft (12.19 m).

Damage CostThe repairs to Waitangi Bridge cost £10,746 ($976,700 2010 dollars).

ImpactFloodwaters covered large areas at Clive, Meeanee, Taradale and Papakura.

ImpactMany families were forced to leave their houses in some districts. Other families were completely isolated and had to have supplies dropped down to them by an aircraft over a period of weeks.

CommentThe sea was discoloured for miles around the coast by silt carried by the flooded streams.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

ImpactSlipping on hillsides ocurred at a spectacular scale. The majority of the slips were shallow and were the culmination of sheet erosion and heavy rainfall.

Affected LifelineThe route from Napier to Wairoa was badly blocked by a slip at Tutiroa and two spans of the Mohaka traffic bridge was washed away.

Affected LifelineAlong the route from Wairoa to Waikaremoana there were two slips, one in Ohuka Gorge and the other at Omahanui.

Affected LifelineThere was a large slip at Tuhara Hill on the road between Gisborne and Wairoa.

DamageIn the Waikare district thousands of acres of pasturage was lost from hillsides and farming progress was set back many years.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard
Comments:

DamageThe Napier-Wairoa Railway suffered serious damage. An estimated 20,000 cubic yards (15,291 cubic metres) was lost in washouts in banks, and slips amounting to 15,000 cubic yards (11,468 cubic metres) came down onto tracks. 3000 cubic yards (2294 cubic metres) of ballast was also lost.

DamageCounty damage was severe. About 12 bridges were washed away and 42 were severely damaged.

Damage CostFlood damage to state highway bridges amounted to £50,000 ($4,544,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostFlood damage to highways amounted to £50,000 ($4,544,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostDamage to county roads and bridges amounted to £48,000 ($4,363,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostTotal damage to roads and bridges amounted to £200,000 ($18,177,000 2010 dollars).

Damage CostDamage to roads, railway lines and bridges throughout central Hawke's Bay cost £400,000 ($36,355,000 2010 dollars).

CommentThe Minister of Public Works, the late Mr R.Semple, said that the loss of property, public and private seemed to exceed that of the Hawkes Bay earthquake.

Affected LifelineAll communication was gone and roads and railways were made unusable.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Anawai
Map Location: -39.86267 176.87638
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicAnawai recorded 1.84 in (4.67 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallAnawai recorded 10.89 in (27.66 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicAnawai recorded 10.74 in (27.28 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Bay View
Map Location: -39.41843 176.87551
Comments:

ImpactEsk River, instead of flowing out to sea at its usual mouth, took its old course and flooded 7000 acres of land reclaimed from the inner harbour by the earthquake of 1931.

FloodingFlooding at Clive
Map Location: -39.586947 176.912721
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicClive township was flooded to a depth of 3 ft (0.91 m). During the height of the flood the floodwaters reached a depth of 5 ft (1.52 m) in the largest part of the township.

ImpactResidents were rescued by boats.

Property DamageMany homes were uninhabitable at Clive where the stop bank of the Ngaruroro River broke.

Damage CostRailway line was washed out and there was damage amounting to £9000 ($818,000 2010 dollars) to the Waitangi road bridge.

Stock DamageThe loss of stock in Clive was 1500 to 2000 sheep.

FloodingFlooding at Dartmoor
Map Location: -39.482953 176.690437
Comments:

Peak DischargeTutaekuri River had a peak discharge of 96,500 cusecs (2733 cumecs) at Dartmoor from a catchment area of 308 sq miles (798 km^2).

FloodingFlooding at Esk River
Map Location: -39.188987 176.788919
Comments:

Peak DischargeEsk River had a peak discharge of 64,700 cusecs (1832 cumecs) above Mangakopikopiko Stream from a catchment area of 77 sq miles (199 km^2).

ImpactThe silt content of the floodwater was remarkable. In the lower Esk Valley, an area of 1750 acres was silted an average of at least 3 ft 6 in (1.07 m) and a depth of 6 ft (1.83 m) to 10 ft (3.05 m) was found over wide areas.

ImpactOn the Napier-Taupo State Highway silt covered the road to depth 3 to 4 ft (0.91-1.22 m) in the Esk Valley.

Stock DamageThere were considerable stock losses, especially in the Esk Valley.

Physical CharacteristicIn the Upper Esk Valley the river rose 30 ft (9.14 m) above normal to reach apoint 15 ft (4.57 m) higher than any previous flood.

Affected LifelineA bridge of the main road through Esk Valley with its pylons and supports was washed out to sea, leaving only the approaches.

AreaA greater part of 20,000 acres (8094 ha) was flooded in Esk Valley and a bed of silt 2-10 feet (0.61-3.05 m) thick was deposited over the valley floor, obliterating fences and fields.

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

Property DamageMany homes were almost buried by silt and others were wrecked by floodwaters and landslides in Esk Valley.

Property DamageA home in Esk Valley had their home completely destroyed by a landslide. The mass of earth was estimated to be 50 ft (15.24 m) deep.

FloodingFlooding at Eskdale
Map Location: -39.394568 176.82922
Comments:

Peak Water LevelAt the Eskdale Railway Station the water depth over the floor was 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) and the silt depth 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) (representing 81 percent solids by volume). Near the Wairoa Road crossing the water depth was 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) and the silt depth 2 ft 11 in (0.89 m) (representing 69 percent solids by volume). It would appear that the silt discharge was no less than 75 percent by volume. Where floodwaters inundated houses in Esk Valley, the depth of silting was approximately three-quarters of the depth of flooding.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Hastings
Map Location: -39.635771 176.828045
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHastings recorded 271 mm (27.1 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Peak RainfallHastings recorded 194 mm (19.4 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th (which has a return period of 130 years).

Affected LifelineHastings was isolated.

Physical CharacteristicHastings was inundated to depths of up to 3 ft (0.91 m).

FloodingFlooding at Haumoana
Map Location: -39.602913 176.946842
Comments:

ImpactThe township was underwater and the residents had to be rescued by boats.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Kereru
Map Location: -39.6341 176.42309
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKereru recorded 7.00 in (17.78 cm) of rain in 12 hours.

FloodingFlooding at Kopuawhara Stream
Map Location: -39.044495 177.871583
Comments:

Peak DischargeKopuawhara River was well below the February 1938 flood and had a discharge of 10,000 cusecs (283 cumecs) at No. 3 camp.

DamageThere was great damage in the lower reaches of the river and there was silting on the isthmus flats near Opoutama.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Kotemaori
Map Location: -39.062668 177.042276
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKotemaori recorded 1.95 in (4.95 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallKotemaori recorded 9.03 in (22.94 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicKotemaori recorded 7.80 in (19.81 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Lake Tutira
Map Location: -39.22222 176.8933
Comments:

Peak Water LevelLake Tutira rose 10 ft (3.05 m) above normal during the flood.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Maraekakaho
Map Location: -39.64746 176.619961
Comments:

Peak RainfallMaraekakaho recorded 13 in (33.02 cm) of rain in 24 hours ending at 12pm on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding at Matahorua Stream
Map Location: -39.15698 177.01386
Comments:

Peak DischargeMatahorua Stream had a peak discharge of 20,200 cusecs (572 cumecs) above the junction with Waikari River.

FloodingFlooding at Mohaka
Map Location: -39.114358 177.197486
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe northern portal of Mohaka Tunnel was blocked by 15 ft (4.57 m) of debris and water backed up in the tunnel.

FloodingFlooding at Mohaka River
Map Location: -39.00592 176.98206
Comments:

Peak DischargeMohaka River had a peak discharge of 36,700 cusecs (1039 cumecs) at the Napier-Taupo State Highway.

Peak DischargeMohaka River had a peak discharge of 225,000 cusecs (6371 cumecs) at the viaduct from a catchment area of 900 sq miles (2331 km^2). The river rose 45 ft (13.72 m) above normal at the viaduct.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Napier
Map Location: -39.502426 176.892804
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicNapier recorded 274 mm (27.4 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of 100 years).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Peak RainfallNapier recorded 169 mm (16.9 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th (which has a return period of 50 years).

Affected LifelineNapier was isolated. The road north to Gisborne was impassable and also the road to Taupo. The main road south and the alternate road through Fernhill was blocked.

Affected LifelineTelephone communications with many outlying districts was cut off.

Physical CharacteristicNapier was inundated to depths of up to 3 ft (0.91 m).

LandslideLandslide
Comments:

InjuriesOne person was injured when a slip came down on a house at Napier.

FloodingFlooding at Ngaruroro River
Map Location: -39.580827 176.799364
Comments:

ImpactNgaruroro River broke its banks near Chesterhope, swept across flatlands and inundated farms near Pakowhai, the Karamu Settlement and Whatatu.

ImpactHomes were isolated as waters rose to window level.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Puketitiri
Map Location: -39.283957 176.524962
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicPuketitiri recorded 9.14 in (23.22 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallPuketitiri recorded 15.39 in (39.09 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicPuketitiri recorded 14.87 in (37.77 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicPuketitiri recorded 1001 mm (100.1 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of well over 150 years).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Putorino
Map Location: -39.13145 176.99983
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicPutorino recorded 4.00 in (10.16 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallPutorino recorded 16.50 in (41.91 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicPutorino recorded 11.60 in (29.46 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicPutorino recorded 815 mm (81.5 cm) of rain in three days (which has a return period of well over 150 years).

FloodingFlooding at Rissington
Map Location: -39.427512 176.704332
Comments:

Peak DischargeMangaone Stream had a peak discharge of 39,200 cusecs (1110 cumecs) at Rissington from a catchment area of 87 sq miles (225 km^2).

FloodingFlooding at Riverslea
Comments:

ImpactAt Riverslea, between Bay View and Eskdale, the railway station disappeared.

FloodingFlooding at Tangoio
Map Location: -39.327667 176.914911
Comments:

CasualtiesA man was drowned in his home at Tangoio.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tarewa station
Map Location: -38.937547 177.808722
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTarewa recorded 2.22 in (5.64 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallTawera recorded 6.05 in (15.37 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicTarewa recorded 11.42 in (29.01 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Te Haroto
Map Location: -39.12575 176.60488
Comments:

Affected LifelineTe Haroto was isolated by slips and floodwaters after five days. Food was short and sickness was prevalent.

FloodingFlooding at Tukituki River
Map Location: -39.900244 176.162889
Comments:

Peak DischargeTukituki River had a peak discharge of 200,000 cusecs (5663 cumecs) from a catchment area of 1040 sq miles (2694 km^2).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tutira
Map Location: -39.207531 176.881485
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTutira recorded 3.05 in (7.75 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 23rd.

Peak RainfallTutira recorded 12.76 in (32.41 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 24th.

Physical CharacteristicTutira recorded 8.23 in (20.90 cm) of rain in 24 hours on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicTutira recorded 610 mm (61.0 cm) of rain in three days.

FloodingFlooding at Waikari River
Map Location: -39.125171 176.995545
Comments:

Peak DischargeWaikari River had a peak discharge of 26,100 cusecs (739 cumecs) at point 2 miles below the Napier-Gisborne state highway.

FloodingFlooding at Waikoau River
Map Location: -39.24514 176.88212
Comments:

Peak DischargeWaikoau River had a peak discharge of 38,700 cusecs (1096 cumecs) at the state highway bridge from a catchment area of 49.4 sq miles (128 km^2).

FloodingFlooding at Waipawa
Map Location: -39.940581 176.600338
Comments:

CommentWaipawa River was in high flood.

FloodingFlooding at Waipukurau
Map Location: -39.999445 176.562423
Comments:

Stock DamageSome cattle and sheep were lost in the Waipukurau district.

CommentTukituki River rose rapidly in town but was still 2 ft (0.61 m) below the level of the February 1938 flood.

Affected LifelineThere was a washout of the filling on the overhead bridge between Waipukurau and Waipawa.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wairoa
Map Location: -39.041861 177.423248
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThe Railway Station recorded 7.85 in (19.94 cm) of rain in 36 hours ending 9pm on the 25th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactVery heavy rainfall caused severe flooding in Wairoa and the surrounding district. The town was completely isolated.

Affected LifelineThe Ruakituri Valley road was badly blocked at Doughboys cutting.

DamageThe inundation caused a considerable amount of damage.

CommentThe landing at the wharf was completely underwater.

EvacueesHouses at the lower end of Lahore Street invaded by water and several houses were evacuated.

Impact A view of the Waiotahi Valley, near Wairoa, showed the whole of the area covered by silt-laden waters.

Stock DamageHeavy stock losses were inflicted on the farmers.

LandslideLandslide at Whakaki
Map Location: -39.0358 177.589381
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a huge slip blocking the road in the Whakaki area and there were other minor slips.

Affected LifelineA long stretch of road between Waipawa and Tikokino was under several feet of water and the approach to the Mangaonuku bridge was impassable.

Manawatu-Wanganui

FloodingFlooding at Dannevirke
Map Location: -40.212104 176.095139
Comments:

ImpactOn the Takapau plains at Dannevirke flooding of farm lands was reported.

FloodingFlooding at Kopua
Map Location: -40.084248 176.286426
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe approach to the Manawatu bridge near Kopua was washed out.

FloodingFlooding at Manawatu River
Map Location: -40.31344 175.74075
Comments:

ImpactThere was a sudden rise in the Manawatu River due to heavy rain in southern Hawke's Bay which caused minor flooding in the district.

Peak DischargeThe peak reading on the Fitzherbert Bridge gauge was 13.25 ft (4.04 m) with a peak discharge gauged at 42,600 cusecs (1206 cumecs).

Multi HazardMulti Hazard
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe road through the Manawatu Gorge was covered in many parts with small slips and debris and the road became impassable.

References

Cowie, C.A., Attwood, A.K. (1957) Floods in New Zealand 1920-1953, The Soil Conservation Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
Johnston, D.D., and Pearse, L.J. 2007. Hazards in Hawke's Bay. Hawke's Bay Regional Council, Napier, New Zealand.
New Zealand's Nature Hertiage, Hamlyn House, Auckland, Volume 6, Great Storms
NZ Met Service. (2008). Meteorology of Extreme Rainfalls in New Zealand (Mark Pascoe, Ed.).
Reference: 'DISASTERS AND MISHAPS - FLOOD HAZARDS',from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand edited by A.H.McLintock, originally published in 1966
Reference: Hawkes Bay Regional Council: www.hbrc.govt.nz
Grayland, Eugene C. (1957). New Zealand Disasters.
Headline: Flood Surge, Torrential Rain.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Garage Swept Away.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Ruatoria Isolated.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Terrific Rain, Flood On Coast.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Wairoa Isolated, Invaded By River.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Surge subsiding, trail of silt.
The Poverty Bay Herald, 27 April 1938.
Headline: Road Damage, Engineers' Reports.
The Povery Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.
Headline: Widespread Storm And Flood Havoc.
The Povery Bay Herald, 26 April 1938.