NZ Historic Weather Events Catalogue

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SevereMarch 1913 South Island Flooding ( 1913-03-27 )

Heavy rain caused flooding in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. Flooding in Southland was widespread and of record height, and at least three people were drowned.

South Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at South Island
Duration:   3  days - From the 27th till the 29th of March.
Comments:
FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineAll tourist traffic from Southland to the Cold Lakes was cut off on the 28th. There were numerous washouts, some extensive, on the railway between Winton and Kingston, stopping all trains. Trains travelling between Otago and Southland through Gore were held up by a washout between Arthurton and Pukerau. Services between Dunedin and Invercargill were restored on the morning of the 31st.

Canterbury

FloodingFlooding at Bealey
Map Location: -43.033326 171.629765
Comments:

CommentFloods were reported at the Bealey.

FloodingFlooding at Clarkville
Map Location: -43.40509 172.630726
Comments:

ImpactThe Clarkville area was flooded as far north as the school.

FloodingFlooding at Mount Cook
Map Location: -43.734653 170.103918
Comments:

DamageThe Hermitage was closed due to serious damage by floods. The annexe was undermined and listed and the small outhouses were swept away. The floods had subsided on the 30th.

Affected LifelineThe roads were greatly damaged.

FloodingFlooding at Rangitata
Map Location: -44.066216 171.375314
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Rangitata railway bridge was damaged on the morning of the 29th, dislocating train traffic.

CommentThe water at the railway bridge on the mroning of the 28th was said to be the highest in 30 years.

FloodingFlooding at Waimakariri River
Map Location: -43.442439 172.509438
Comments:

CommentA northwester on the 27th and 28th brought the Waimakariri River down in high flood on the 28th. The floodwaters subsided by 5pm.

Affected LifelineThe North Road from Chaneys was impassable except for traps. The mailman from Kaiapoi could not get through.

Physical CharacteristicAbout 1/2 mile (805 m) past the Empire bridge the water was 2 ft 6 in (76 cm) deep.

Stock DamageDeep sheep floated down the main stream in large numbers.

Otago

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otago
Comments:

CommentVery heavy rain was experienced in Central Otago.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentFloods were reported in Central Otago.

Crop DamageFarmers suffered considerable loss, particularly in grain.

FloodingFlooding at Dunedin
Map Location: -45.87911 170.502707
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe damage to the water supply line on the Waipori River cut off the electricity supply to the city trams and factories. Houses, shops and some street lamps were without power on the night of the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Fruitlands
Map Location: -45.342549 169.302177
Comments:

DamageOne of the river dredges at Bald Hill Flat (Fruitlands) sank during the night of the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Manorburn Reservoir
Map Location: -45.382253 169.617902
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicManorburn Dam received 78 mm (7.8 cm) of rain.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Queenstown
Map Location: -45.041441 168.645105
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicQueenstown received 2.49 in (6.3 cm) of rain on the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tapanui
Map Location: -45.945409 169.268023
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTapanui received 1.40 in (3.6 cm) of rain on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Waipori River
Map Location: -45.926943 170.035029
Comments:

CommentThe exceptional rainfall caused a flood in the Waipori River.

DamageEarly on the morning of the 29th a portion of the fluming supplying the water to the power house was carried away.

Southland

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Southland
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain was general throughout Southland from about the evening of the 27th until the night of the 28th. There were exceptional downpours in the eastern and western districts.

Physical CharacteristicRiverside (?) received 2.38 in (6.0 cm) of rain on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAll the rivers and creeks were in flood, as the warm rain melted the snow in the mountains.

ImpactAt Riverside (?) the flood waters a covered large portion of the plains 3 miles (4.8 km) wide.

CasualtiesAt least three people were reported drowned.

DamageGore, Mataura and Wyndham were among the worst affected areas, with heavy losses to crops, animals, homes and shops.

DamagePastures were heavily silted and extensive areas of land were stripped of their topsoil.

Stock DamageLarge numbers of stock were lost. Stock losses in the country surrounding Gore were very heavy. Pastures were heavily silted and contaminated by the carcases of drowned animals, causing losses through disease.

Crop DamageThe losses of crops in stook and stack were reported to be very heavy.

Affected LifelineThere were numerous washouts on different railway lines throughout Southland and thousands of pounds of damage was done. The train from Lumsden to Invercargill on the morning of the 28th was three hours late due to the flooding. Washouts were reported on the Waikaia line, the Waikaka line, the Mararoa branch and the Winton to Kingston line. On the Mararoa branch there was a washout 10 chains (201 m) long and the maintenance was whirled away to a depth of 4 ft (1.2 m). There were also washouts between Thornbury and Otautau, and trains could not get past Thornbury on the night of the 28th. All the lines were repaired by the 31st except for the Nightcaps branch and the Orepuki line at Oporo.

ImpactAll the sluicing companies stopped work and had to turn the water out of the races.

Affected LifelineTraffic from Lake Te Anau to Lumsden was entirely suspended.

CommentAll the smaller streams between Orepuki and Tuatapere were in high flood.

Affected LifelineTelegraphic communication between Te Anau and Lumsden was suspended due to wires being down.

CommentThe floods were the worst since 1878 and there was not another flood disaster on the same scale for 71 years afterwards.

Damage CostDamage to the Mataura valley was estimated at £300,000 ($42,290,600 2008 dollars) .

Damage CostDamage to the Gore district including the Mataura Valley was £150,000 ($21,145,300 2008 dollars).

FloodingFlooding at Aparima
Map Location: -46.058265 168.049314
Comments:

Crop DamageA farmer in the Aparma district lost 40 acres (0.16 km^2) of oats in stook when the whole paddock was swept bare by the flood waters.

FloodingFlooding at Athol
Map Location: -45.50847 168.579174
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a huge washout on the railway line at Athol.

FloodingFlooding at Birchwood
Map Location: -45.938636 167.856172
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe foot suspension bridge over the Orawia near Birchwood was carried away on the 28th. The suspension bridges at Mount Linton and Rannock (Rannoch) were carried away.

ImpactWater entered the Rannock homestead.

FloodingFlooding at Branxholme
Map Location: -46.294435 168.303716
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was water across the Gap Road at Branxholme on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Centre Bush
Map Location: -46.051825 168.321715
Comments:

ImpactThe flat land around Centre Bush was submerged when the Oreti River overflowed. Along the Hundred line road towards Centre Bush, the flat between Moor's terrace and the bridge at Shand's was covered with water on the morning of the 28th.

Crop DamageSheaves were washed away.

DamageAlmost a mile of fences was washed away on one farm.

Physical CharacteristicAt Centre Bush the water was 18 in (46 cm) deep in one house and nearly 2 ft (61 cm) in another. Floodwater had never been known to enter these houses before.

Affected LifelineThere was a big washout on the railway line near the Centre Bush station and the yard also suffered considerable damage.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Dipton
Map Location: -45.899764 168.3735
Comments:

CommentThe rain commenced in Dipton at 4pm on the 27th.

Physical CharacteristicDipton received 3.16 in (8.0 cm) of rain on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentFloods occurred in the Dipton area on the 28th, as both the Oreti River and the Dipton Stream seriously overflowed their banks. Lower Dipton was flooded but the waters had receded in 24 hours.

Physical CharacteristicThe Oreti River began to rise with the heavy rain on the night of the 27th. The water rose 2 ft (61 cm) within half an hour in early afternoon on the 28th.

ImpactEarly on the morning of the 28th the water was running through the town and houses and business premises were flooded.

Physical CharacteristicIt was reported that some houses were standing in 3 ft (91 cm) of water on the 28th.

Stock DamageA number of cattle, sheep and some horses were lost.

Crop DamageSome crops were washed away. One Dipton farmer had 25 acres (0.10 km^2) of wheat damaged.

Affected LifelineRoads all around the district suffered severe damage. Some bridges were washed away and those that weren't were left insecure. The road bridge between Dipton and Benmore was impassable and the road was almost swept clear of gravel for about 1/4 mile (402 m). The bridge over Shag Creek failed to withstand the flood and huge holes were scopped out of the approaches.

ImpactTwo men with their horses and dogs were marooned on an island from the night of the 28th until the next afternoon.

DamageA hut was overturned and swept by the floodwaters for 1/4 mile (402 m).

FloodingFlooding at Dipton West
Map Location: -45.889086 168.342743
Comments:

ImpactAt the old township on the west side of the river, the overflow of water was serious. The Dipton Stream overflowed its banks to a serious extent.

Crop DamageA good deal of crop in stook in the area was washed away early in the forenoon on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Fairfax
Map Location: -46.20992 168.043904
Comments:

Affected LifelineOn the 28th there was more water running across the road between Mt. Pleasant and Fairfax and the Ringway railway gates and the hill than residents could ever remember.

Affected LifelineNear Fairfax the railway was washed away for 1 mile (1.6 km), nearly 3 ft (91 cm) deep, stopping train traffic.

FloodingFlooding at Five Rivers
Map Location: -45.623164 168.44452
Comments:

CommentThe residents at Five Rivers were in a particularly perilous plight.

CasualtiesA girl named Veint, about 9 years old, was drowned at Five Rivers when she fell into a waterhole on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Freshford
Map Location: -45.771893 168.795847
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Freshford bridge on the Waikaia line was reported to have been washed away.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Garston
Map Location: -45.467854 168.686014
Comments:

CommentThere was heavy rain and no wind, a warm rainfall with a maximum temperature of 68 degreesF (20 degC).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAt Garston, the floods were considerably higher than the 1878 flood.

CommentThe river at Garston was very heavily in flood between 2pm and 3pm.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Gore
Map Location: -46.095878 168.927462
Comments:

CommentRain commenced in and around Gore at about 4pm on the 27th and fell with ceasing until late on the evening of the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicGore received 1.55 in (3.9 cm) of rain in 24 hours to the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactGore was inundated suddenly by a wave of about 1 m coming down the Mataura River in the early hours of the 29th. At 3am Mr Smith gave the first warning of the approaching flood, but it was thought uneccessary to sound the alarm. The alarm was first sounded at 3:30am after the river had overflowed its bank at Jacobstown and was rising rapidly.

CommentThe flash-flood was probably started by a cloud-burst in the Mataura Gorge.

Impact2 miles (3.2 km) above Gore, the flood extended 2 miles (3.2 km) in width over the low-lying land.

Physical CharacteristicWithin a couple of hours after the warning firebell, water had filled the streets to a depth of 5-6 ft (1.5-1.8 m). Between 7am and 7:30am the water rose 2 ft (61 cm), and reached beyond the highest level recorded during the 1878 flood.

CommentThe flood was the heaviest experienced in the district since the flood of 1878, any many people stated that it was heavier. The 1878 flood did not cover the crown of the road and did not menace property, so the present flood was said to be about 6 ft (1.8 m) higher.

Property DamageThe flood caused much destruction of property in Gore and the rural land adjoining the river. Some outhouses were shifted considerably by the floodwaters and one house shifted on its foundations. Houses built in depressions or on low ground suffered severely as far as the hospital.

ImpactMost of the houses and every business premise but one were invaded by flood waters. The east side of Gore flooded and 13-14 houses were affected.

DamageStocks that were not completely destroyed would seriously depreciate in value due to contact with the water. Shop windows were stove in, stock washed out of shops and large deposits of silt were left on floors. Individual losses to businesses were estimated at between £200 and £1000 ($28,200-$141,000 2008 dollars). The biggest sufferes, Messrs H. and J. Smith, estimated their loss at £2,500 ($352,400 2008 dollars). Three of their large plate glass windows were smashed to pieces and most of their stock was ruined. Messrs W. Lewis and Co. estimated their loss at £1,500 ($211,500 2008 dollars), and Messrs MacGibbon and Sons estimated their loss at £1000 ($141,000 2008 dollars). Damage to Mr A. R. Watson's book shop was estimated at £1000 ($141,000 2008 dollars) and the Farmers' Co-operative Assoc. lost £1000 ($141,000 2008 dollars) due to the water coming into contact with a large quantity of stock.

Peak Water LevelIn the Southland Club Hotel the water flowed 6 ft (1.8 m) deep through the back door and windows and out the front door on the 29th. In one shop the water reached up to the counter. The water in the store of Messrs H. and J. Smith rose to a height of over 4 ft (1.2 m). In other shops the water was around 3 ft deep (91 cm).

Damage CostThe damage in Gore was estimated at £100,000 ($14,096,900 2008 dollars).

EvacueesResidents on low ground were compelled to leave their homes. 1800 residents were forced to leave their homes for shelter in other people's houses or in the school. It would be days before any of the houses were dry enough to be inhabited again.

InjuriesA man almost drowned when the cart he was driving, doing rescue work, was overturned and pinned him against a hedge with only his head above water for a couple of hours. He was said to be injured.

ImpactFood was in short supply while the town was inundated. 300 loaves of bread were brought through the floodwaters on a lorry from Invercargill in a monumental 6 1/2 hour journey, arriving at 11pm on the 29th. There were only 17 loaves left within half an hour of unloading.

Affected LifelineThe roads in gore were impassable and the main street resembled a river bed. At 9am the main street was a raging torent and was impassable, with all kinds of debris flowing down it. Roads in the borough suffered severely, with some almost stripped of their metal.

Affected LifelineThe town water supply was cut off due to the the pumping plant at Mataura being submerged.

Physical CharacteristicHalf the private residences were submerged several feet and some 10 ft (3.0 m).

ImpactNumerous people had to stay on the roofs of their houses till late the afternoon when they were rescued.

ImpactBusiness was suspended while the streets were submerged. The Ensign was unable to publish on the 29th as all the machinery was submerged. All five banks were inundated and tradespeople were unable to get their books out of the safes. Many ledgers burst and documents were left in a mess.

ImpactWhen the 4:30pm train arrived at Gore on the 28th there was no accommodation available, due to the hundreds of people homeless. The railway carriages and the good shed were crammed full of people

DamageA hay stack floated down the main street into a masonry yard and caused a huge amount of damage there. In the Southland Club Hotel every piece of furniture was more or less damaged. In houses, scores of pianos were damaged and some houses were completely ruined by floodwaters.

Physical CharacteristicThe Gore railway bridge reached a flood level of 266.97.

Peak River FlowAt the Gore Highway Bridge, the Matuara River recorded a maximum discharge of 60,000 cusecs (1699 cumecs) on the 29th, with a catchment area of 1338 square miles (3465 km^2).

Physical CharacteristicEarly estimates put the full flood discharge through Gore at between 145,000-168,000 cusecs (4106-4757 cumecs) (McEnnis, District Engineer, Public Works Dept., Dunedin). A July 1918 estimate put the flood flow at Mataura Borough at 177,000 cusecs (5012 cumecs) (C. J McKenzie, District Engineer, P.W.D., Dunedin). A 28 July 1949 estimate put the flood flow at 120,000 cusecs (3398 cumecs) (I. Malcolm, District Engineer, N.Z. Railways, Invercargill). A comprehensive evaluation of the 1913 flood information was done by Miller and MacMillan (1962), who estimated a flow of 60,000 cusecs (1699 cumecs), but only for the flow beneath the Mataura town bridge, excluding water which flowed through the town. The overflow was calculated to have been about 6,000 cusecs (170 cumecs), roughly equivalent to the contribution from the Waikaka and other tributary streams between Gore and Mataura, thus bringing the total flood flow at Mataura Borough to an estimate of 66,000 cusecs (1869 cumecs).

Physical CharacteristicThe flood level above the west approach to the railway bridge was 2 ft 11 in (89 cm) in height.

Peak River FlowThe flood discharge that passed through the town of Gore was said to be 12,100-13,400 cusecs (343-379 cumecs).

Peak River FlowThe flood flow below the railway bridge was estimated at 108,000 cusecs (3058 cumecs).

FloodingFlooding at Gropers Bush
Map Location: -46.239761 168.035456
Comments:

CasualtiesA man, Mr Younger, was drowned on his farm at Gropers Bush on the evening of the 28th while trying to save his stock.

FloodingFlooding at Hokonui
Map Location: -46.124115 168.488803
Comments:

CasualtiesA man, Mr Walsh, was drowned after he and two other men driving in a trap were thrown into the Otapiri River at Hokonui around 12pm on the 28th. The other two were rescued from an island.

CommentThe Otapiri River had never before been seen in such a flooded state.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Invercargill
Map Location: -46.436318 168.35975
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain set in shortly after 6pm on the 27th and continued steadily until 10pm or 11pm on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicInvercargill received 2.63 in (6.7 cm) of rain in 48 hours.

Physical CharacteristicThe rain gauge at the Waikiwi Observatory recorded 2 in (5.1 cm) of rain in the 18 hours up to 1pm on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicInvercargill received 1.55 in (3.9 cm) of rain in the 14 hours from 7pm on the 27th till 9am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicInvercargill received 1.05 in (2.7 cm) of rain in the 12.5 hours from 9am till 9:30pm on the 28th.

CommentThe rainfall in the 24 hours on the 28th was a new record for Invercargill (the previous highest was 17th December 1912).

FloodingFlooding at Isla Bank
Map Location: -46.208033 168.128453
Comments:

CommentThe Waimatuku Stream was overflowing its banks at Isla Bank on the 30th.

FloodingFlooding at Josephville
Map Location: -45.803998 168.41343
Comments:

Affected LifelineA train was stuck at Josephville on the morning of the 28th, with washouts both in front and behind.

FloodingFlooding at Kauana
Map Location: -46.015973 168.360867
Comments:

Affected LifelineOn the railway line between Kauana and Pukeroa there were at least 6 small washouts.

ImpactOne farm was under water.

Stock DamageStock were lying dead in the corners of paddocks.

DamageMiles and miles of fencing was washed down.

FloodingFlooding at Limehills
Map Location: -46.063452 168.319469
Comments:

Crop DamageA farmer at Limehills lost about 35 acres (0.14 km^2) of oats.

Affected LifelineThe bridge at Swale's was washed out and two large holes were scoured out of the road on each side.

Physical CharacteristicThe water was 6-7 ft (1.8-2.1 m) deep in some places near a house on Mrs Henderson's farm.

FloodingFlooding at Lochiel
Map Location: -46.204133 168.333224
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was water across the Gap Road at Lochiel on the 28th.

CommentSome of the oldest residents of the district said it was the highest flood ever seen.

Affected LifelineThe bridge over the Oreti River west of Lochiel gave way. The bridge over the Winton channel west of Lochiel also suffered damage and was still closed to traffic on the 3rd April.

ImpactThe intake at the dairy factory was down due to the suppliers across the river being unable to cross the bridge.

FloodingFlooding at Lowther
Map Location: -45.661897 168.43246
Comments:

Stock DamageOne farmer at Lowther lost 500 sheep.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Lumsden
Map Location: -45.740784 168.456441
Comments:

CommentRain commenced at Lumsden at 7:30pm on the 27th, accompanied by an easterly wind, and continued for 24 hours till the night of the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactBetween 9am and 10am on the 28th the Oreti River overflowed its banks and entered the town. The country between the railway and the river towards the west was turned into a sea of water. The river was still rising at 3pm and at 7:30pm there was a stretch of 2 miles (3.2 km) of floodwater.

Affected LifelineWater was running through the main street. Lumsden was cut off from the outside world from the morning of the 28th until the evening of the 30th.

ImpactWater came into many houses in the town. The premises of Mr Jonhstone (merchant) and Mr Small (baker) were flooded.

EvacueesOccupants were removed from their flooded houses by carts.

Physical CharacteristicIn several houses the water was over 3 ft (91 cm) deep at 2pm on the 28th.

CommentOne of the oldest residents in the area said this flood was the highest since 1878.

Peak Water LevelUp to 7 ft (2.1 m) of water flowed down Lumsden's main street and there was 2 ft (61 cm) of water in street on the night of the 28th.

Peak River FlowAt Lumsden, the Oreti River was discharging at an estimated 61,600 cusecs (1744 cumecs).

Peak River FlowAt the Lumsden Recorder, the Oreti River recorded a maximum discharge of 849 cumecs on the 28th, with a catchment area of 1160 km^2.

DamageThousands of sheaves and hundreds of sheep were seen floating down the river from up-country.

Stock DamageHundreds of stock were reported missing.

Affected LifelineWashouts on the railway line prevented trains from getting into Lumsden.

FloodingFlooding at Maitland
Map Location: -45.993244 169.021974
Comments:

Affected LifelineA train from Gore to Waikaka could not get past Maitland on the afternoon of the 28th due to the floods.

FloodingFlooding at Makarewa
Map Location: -46.327741 168.348446
Comments:

ImpactThe floodwaters of the Makarewa River stretched out over wide areas of land on both sides. On the afternoon of the 29th the low-lying land along the river bank in northern Makarewa was an immense sheet of water, stretching from the railway bridge for miles inland. In some places fences were completely submerged.

Physical CharacteristicThe volume of the river reached its greatest pressure on the morning of the 29th. A rise of 6 ft (1.8 m) was perceptible within a few hours.

ImpactThere were a few narrow escapes from drowning. One man was saved from being washed off a haystack.

Stock DamageFarmers in the district suffered serious stock losses. One farmer lost 1000 sheep, and three valuable brood mares were drowned. Many horses and other stock were severely injured by barbs on submerged fences.

Crop DamageOne farmer lost most of his crop and another lost practically his whole crop in stook. Some 18-20 acres (0.07-0.08 km^2) of oats were lost.

Damage CostFarmers in the area estimated a loss of £500-£600 ($70,500-$84,600 2008 dollars).

FloodingFlooding at Mataura
Map Location: -46.18797 168.855413
Comments:

CommentAt Mataura, the Mataura River rose with great rapidity and broke its banks above the town at 9am on the 29th. Towards 6pm the floodwaters had receded considerably.

ImpactAll houses above the paper mills and on the west side of the town were inundated in a very short time. One store and one hotel were flooded and the coal mines were flooded.

EvacueesAbout 150 families were out of their houses on the night of the 29th and sheltered on higher ground. People were rescued from their homes in carts.

DamageThe freezing works suffered a lot of damage, particularly the electric light department, which was disorganised for a few days. The damage done in the paper mills was expected to run into four figures.

Affected LifelineA washout on the railway line below Mataura stopped railway traffic on the Gore line until the night of the 30th.

DamageTwo houses at Mataura were carried away by the flood, one with a man inside who was eventually rescued. Residents returned to their homes on the morning of the 30th to find things in a dreadful state.

Affected LifelineTwo bridges over the Waimumu Stream and one over the Waikana Stream were washed away.

CommentAll along the Mataura-Gore road dead sheep and sheaves and bags of corn were strewn on the fences.

CommentThe flood at Mataura was said to be this biggest in 45 years, and much bigger than the flood of 1878.

Physical CharacteristicThe river was flowing right over the bridge and there was 3-4 ft (91 cm-1.2 m) of water in the streets.

Affected LifelineWater flowed down the full width of the streets like a stream.

Affected Lifeline100 people were marrooned at the paper mill when the bridge there was washed away. Buckets of food had to be lowered to them by a rope.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood at the road bridge in the Mataura township was 5 ft (1.5 m) higher than in the 1878 flood.

Peak River FlowAt the Mataura Town Bridge, the Matuara River recorded a maximum discharge of 62,000 cusecs (1756 cumecs) on the 29th, with a catchment area of 1578 square miles (4087 km^2).

Peak Water LevelAt the Mataura Town Bridge, the Matuara River reaced a height of 31.75 ft (9.68 m) on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Mataura Island
Map Location: -46.425652 168.787326
Comments:

ImpactMataura Island was covered with water on the 30th.

Affected LifelineCommunication with Mataura Island was interrupted. About one-third of the large bridge was washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Mossburn
Map Location: -45.668358 168.221765
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere were washouts on the Mossburn railway line.

FloodingFlooding at Menzies Ferry
Map Location: -46.346578 168.81853
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe most extensive of the railway damage was done near the Menzies Ferry bridge, where the Mataura River, 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 16 ft (4.9 m) high burst through the embankment, carrying the railway with it. The force of the water over the bridge also created a kink in the line.

FloodingFlooding at Nightcaps
Map Location: -45.967978 168.035162
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was still no train service to Nightcaps on the 31st.

FloodingFlooding at Oporo
Map Location: -46.293698 168.273875
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a serious break in the Orepuki railway line between the Oporo flag station and the bridge across the Oreti. A gap about 1 chain (20 m) wide and 18 ft (5.5 m) deep was cut through the embankment and further west a washout for about 15 chains (302 m) occurred.

ImpactOn the evening of the 30th water was still running through the tablet officer's house and a gravel dredge was completely surrounded with water.

Peak River FlowAt Oporo, the Oreti River was discharging at an estimated 53,000 cusecs (1501 cumecs).

FloodingFlooding at Orawia
Map Location: -46.054113 167.796542
Comments:

CommentThe Orawia Stream was in high flood.

DamageLarge losses were reported from Orawia.

FloodingFlooding at Oreti River
Map Location: -46.304952 168.27359
Comments:

CommentThe Oreti River was in record flood.

Physical CharacteristicAn old settler stated that the depth of the river on the 30th was fully 18 in (46 cm) more than in 1878.

Peak Water LevelThe water on Mr Howell's farm was up to 6 ft (1.8 m) deep in places on the 30th, and it rose to the windows of a house being built there.

EvacueesFarmers in the vicinity had to leave their homes on the 30th and seek shelter elsewhere.

ImpactThe flood spread to the property of Mr Hughes at the intersection of the road leading to Otatara and the road leading to Riverton beach. This was the first time that land had been touched by floodwater. From Mr Fosbender's hill a sheet of water extended for miles in the direction of Riverton beach. Fosbender's property was almost completely submerged. The water began to recede on the afternoon of the 30th.

Peak Water LevelOn the road on the east side of the ferry there was about 4 ft (1.2 m) of water, while further along the depth was close to 6 ft (1.8 m).

Affected LifelineThe bridge at the Ferry was submerged by water.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otamita
Map Location: -46.011974 168.846137
Comments:

CommentRain began to fall in Otamita on the afternoon of the 27th and a heavy downpour fell throughout the night and on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Matuara River was rising rapidly on the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otautau
Map Location: -46.143853 168.005563
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain commenced in Otautau at about 8pm on the 27th and continued without intermission until late on the evening of the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Aparima River was very high on the 28th.

CommentThe Otautau River was rising but not in flood on the 28th.

ImpactThe school was dismissed on the morning of the 28th as children would not be able to get home. Business was entirely suspended for a considerable time.

CommentThe floods in the Otautau district were phenomenal. Many of the oldest residents stated that it was the heaviest flood experienced there, far exceeding the flood of 1878.

ImpactTh whole town was inundated and floodwaters entered many houses in the town, which had never been entered before.

Stock DamageGreat numbers of sheep and cattle were drowned and washed away.

Crop DamageOn the flat land all the outstanding crops were washed away.

DamageThe loss experienced was enormous. A lot of damage was done to County Council and public property, including business places.

Peak Water LevelWater was several feet deep in the backyards in the town. Some people had water up to 3 ft (91 cm) deep in their houses. A grain store had water at least 1 ft (31 cm) deep inside and another store had water 2 ft (61 cm) deep.

CommentThe overflowing of the Aparima River into the Otautau Stream greatly increased the severity of the floods.

EvacueesResidents were flooded out of their houses, and they were brought to alternative accommodation by carts.

FloodingFlooding at Riversdale
Map Location: -45.899134 168.738796
Comments:

ImpactLarge amounts of water from the Mataura River transversed the plain to Riversdale.

CasualtiesA girl was reported to have drowned in the floodwaters at Riversdale.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at South Hillend
Map Location: -46.040653 168.22298
Comments:

CommentIn South Hillend the rain was very heavy throughout the night of the 27th.

Physical Characteristic5 in (12.7 cm) of rain was recorded on Mr Langford's farm.

FloodingFlooding at The Key
Map Location: -45.543915 167.901089
Comments:

Stock DamageThe railway ganger at the Mararoa Bridge said that he witnessed 500 sheep floating past in the space of a few minutes.

FloodingFlooding at Thomsons Crossing
Map Location: -46.184809 168.323128
Comments:

DamageThe Winton Creek caused a lot of damage between the main road at Thomsons Crossing and the Oreti River. Sheaves, turnips, gorse, fences and rabbits were all mixed up together. Miles of fencing was down and gorse hedges were uprooted.

Crop DamageSheaves of crops were spread over miles of country as far as the eye could see and tons of turnips were washed out of the ground.

DamageOne farmhouse was completely surrounded, there was water in all the buildings and the garden was swept of its soil.

Physical CharacteristicAlong the road there was evidence the water had been over 2 ft (61 cm) deep for a distance of nearly 2 miles (3.2 km).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Thornbury
Map Location: -46.286203 168.089901
Comments:

CommentThornbury had 30 hours of heavy rain from the 27th to the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Aparima River was rising quickly at Thornbury on the 28th.

Affected LifelineAt Thornbury, a hole 11 ft (3.4 m) deep was washed in the railway line.

Affected LifelineThe approaches to Hazlett's bridge near Thornbury were completely washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Waianiwa
Map Location: -46.292953 168.244036
Comments:

ImpactThe floodwaters reached the Waianiwa flats on the night of the 28th.

DamageStock and crop losses were very heavy on the night of the 28th and the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Waiau River
Map Location: -46.087024 167.735873
Comments:

CommentThe Waiau River was very high and rose rapidly on the 28th. It was at record height on the 29th.

Affected LifelineAll traffic across the ferry was suspended early on the morning of the 28th.

DamageThe flooding of the Waiau caused conisderable damage. Great trees were swept down the river and stock and crop losses were reported to be large.

Stock DamageOne farmer lost about 150 sheep, a dozen cattle and two horses and another lost five horses.

ImpactAll low-lying land was covered with water.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waikaia
Map Location: -45.721975 168.84901
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaikaia received 3.15 in (8.0 cm) of rain on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

DamageAt Waikaia, the flood broke over the railway stopbanks and overtopped banks in the station yards, causing a breach 2-3 chains (20-40 m) in length.

FloodingFlooding at Waikiwi Stream
Map Location: -46.327474 168.422611
Comments:

ImpactAt One Tree Point the overflow from the Waikiwi Stream spread out in a large sheet of water between the railway embankment and the dairy factory, and the country was inundated on both sides of the line.

FloodingFlooding at Waimahaka
Map Location: -46.517177 168.802731
Comments:

ImpactLate on the 29th the flood spread out all over the country between Waimahaka and Gorge Road.

DamageThe flood caused great damage and loss.

FloodingFlooding at Waimea Plains
Map Location: -45.849255 168.559399
Comments:

DamageConsiderable damage was done in the Waimea Plains district. Fences were levelled all around.

Stock DamageIt was reported that one farmer lost 600 sheep.

Crop DamageAll crops still out on the low-lying Waimea Plains were lost.

Affected LifelineFlood waters overtopped the Waimea railway line.

FloodingFlooding at Waimumu
Map Location: -46.126739 168.817733
Comments:

DamageLittle damage was done in the Waimumu district.

FloodingFlooding at Waipounamu
Map Location: -45.860764 168.761627
Comments:

Affected LifelineBeyond Waipounamu station yard the ends of the bridge were scoured out, caused by a large body of water escaping the main channel.

Physical CharacteristicThe level of the Mataura River at the bridge was 455.75, and the floodwaters broke over the banks.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wairio
Map Location: -46.001317 168.03485
Comments:

CommentA heavy continuous downpour commecned in Wairio between 8pm and 9pm on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAll the creeks in the area were in heavy flood on the 28th.

Affected LifelineThe mailman from Wairio to Wreys Bush was unable to get over with the mail on the morning of the 28th. Traffic was entirely suspended on many of the roads around Wairio, Wreys Bush and Aparima.

FloodingFlooding at Wallacetown
Map Location: -46.335093 168.272385
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe water from the Makarewa River blocked the road between Wallacetown and Underwood on the 29th. About a dozen cars with curious onlookers were marooned there.

FloodingFlooding at West Plains
Map Location: -46.367885 168.315219
Comments:

Stock DamageThe stock losses at West Plains were expected to be enormous. One farmer had 80 cattle and 70 sheep drowned.

FloodingFlooding at Winton
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Winton shunting yard and railway line for 1/2 mile (805 m) towards Hokonui suffered badly. The ballast was washed off into paddocks in many places and the rails and sleepers were suspended in a few places.

ImpactAll the houses on the low-lying parts of Winton were flooded and water was running through the flaxmill. A contracting plant on the east side of the railway line was sitting in several feet of water after it was flooded on the morning of the 28th.

Peak Water LevelHouses had up to 4 ft (1.2 m) of water inside and one of the railway huts had 3 ft (91 cm) of water inside.

Physical CharacteristicAt its height on the 28th the water extended from the foot of the cemetery hill across to the terrace at Oreti.

DamageSeveral culverts on the Drummond road were seriously damaged. One farmer on the road had miles of fencing washed away or forced down by debris.

Crop DamageOne farmer had his oat crop ruined by water and silt and another lost over 100 sacks of chaff.

Stock DamageOne Winton farmer lost 60 sheep and another was reported to have lost 115 hoggets.

Affected LifelineThere was a large washout and several smaller ones about 30 chains (603 m) on the south side of the Gap Road railway siding, caused by the overflow of the Winton Channel.

Physical CharacteristicThere was about 3 ft (91 cm) of water between the main street and the railway station at Winton on the 28th.

Peak River FlowAt Winton, the Oreti River was discharging at an estimated 81,500 cusces (2308 cumecs).

FloodingFlooding at Woodlands
Map Location: -46.358788 168.546979
Comments:

ImpactIn the Woodlands area a cottage near the railway line was almost completely surrounded by water and in front of the Woodlands Hotel the flodowaters formed a lagoon.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wreys Bush
Map Location: -46.004262 168.105089
Comments:

CommentWreys Bush had a heavy night's rain on the 27th. The rain on the high country commenced earlier than it did in the town.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Aparima River rose very quickly on the morning of the 28th.

ImpactThe floodwaters covered all the surrounding country, stretching as far as the eye could see.

Physical CharacteristicThe water was up to the doorstep of Mrs Kaveney's store on the 28th.

Affected LifelineA number of smal bridges were carried away and the bridge across the Aparima River at Powers was damaged again.

ImpactHouses in the township were flooded and water entered the post office.

Crop DamageWhole crops vanished.

Stock DamageStock losses were said to be very large.

Peak River FlowThe Aparima River at Wreys Bush bridge had a peak discharge of 35,000 cusecs (991 cumecs).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wyndham
Map Location: -46.325789 168.855161
Comments:

CommentSteady rain began to fall in Wyndham at 5:30pm on the 27th and continued without a break till the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Mimihau Stream was rising rapidly on the 28th and the Wyndham (Mokoreta) River was also very high.

CommentThe Mataura River was high but not yet in a serious flood on the 28th.

Peak Water LevelWyndham was inundated to a depth of 3 ft (91 cm).

CommentOdl residents said that the flood was the worst in the history of the settlement.

ImpactA sheet of water more than 1 mile (1.6 km) wide extended from the bridge in the direction of Wyndham.

Physical CharacteristicThe volume of water passing down the channel was awe-inspriring.

Affected LifelineWater banked up behind the railway embankment beyond the bridge for hours until the whole country was inundated by the water and the bank finally broke. The embankment and ballasting on the Wyndham side of the bridge was swept away for about 20 chains (402 m), leaving the track suspended over the gap.

Physical CharacteristicIn the shops on the main street the water was little more than 2 ft (61 cm) deep at its highest.

CommentHeavy coatings of silt were deposited on floors.

CommentThe river rose much more slowly at Wyndham than it did at Gore and Mataura.

DamageThe greatest loss suffered by any individual business man was estimated at £100-£150 ($14,100-$21,100 2008 dollars).

CommentBelow Wyndham, the racecourse was strewn with carcasses and the remains of a house.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood at the Wyndham railway bridge reached 114.84.

FloodingFlooding at Yellow Bluff
Map Location: -46.125223 168.002012
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Yellow Bluff bridge was swinging on its piles on the 28th, and later half of it was washed away.

References

Cowie, C.A.; Attwood, A.K. (1957). Floods in New Zealand, 1920-53. The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand, 239p.
Esler, L. (2002). The Southland book of records. Invercargill, NZ: Craig Printing Company Ltd.
Major weather events in New Zealand, Floods and High Rainfall to 31st May 2006.
Miller, N. J.; McMillan, N. A. (????). Report on Gore Borough stopbanks Mataura River. Invercargill, N.Z.: Southland Catchment Board.
New Zealand's Nature Heritage, Hamlyn House, Auckland, Volume 6, Great Storms.
Owen, R.E. (1969). Hydrology Annual No.16, 1968. Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council. Wellington, NZ: The Ministry of Works.
Shearer, A.R. (1970). Hydrology Annual, No. 15, 1967, Part 1. Government Printer, Wellington, Water and Soil Division, New Zealand.
Sorrell, P. (Ed.). (2006). Murihiku: The Southland story. Invercargill, NZ: 2006 Book Project Committee.
Headline: Heavy rainfall.
The Southland Daily News, 28 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in the country.
The Southland Daily News, 28 March 1913.
Headline: Floods subsiding.
The Southland Daily News, 31 March 1913.
Headline: The floods at Lumsden.
The Southland Daily News, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Gore suffers severely: An unprecedented inundation.
The Southland Daily News, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in Southland.
The Southland Times, 29 March 1913.
Headline: At Makarewa: The flooded area.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods: Devastating visitation.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in Canterbury.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in Central Otago.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in South Canterbury.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Gore's troubles: Another account.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Lumsden and district.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Lochiel notes.
The Southland Times, 4 April 1913.
The Southland Times. A Century of News, Invercargill, Saturday January 1, 1910 - Wednesday 31, 1919, Special Souvenir Edition, p 6.
Surface Water Hydrology of the Mataura River Catchment.

SevereMarch 1913 South Island Flooding ( 1913-03-27 )

Heavy rain caused flooding in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. Flooding in Southland was widespread and of record height, and at least three people were drowned.

South Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at South Island
Duration:   3  days - From the 27th till the 29th of March.
Comments:
FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Affected LifelineAll tourist traffic from Southland to the Cold Lakes was cut off on the 28th. There were numerous washouts, some extensive, on the railway between Winton and Kingston, stopping all trains. Trains travelling between Otago and Southland through Gore were held up by a washout between Arthurton and Pukerau. Services between Dunedin and Invercargill were restored on the morning of the 31st.

Canterbury

FloodingFlooding at Bealey
Map Location: -43.033326 171.629765
Comments:

CommentFloods were reported at the Bealey.

FloodingFlooding at Clarkville
Map Location: -43.40509 172.630726
Comments:

ImpactThe Clarkville area was flooded as far north as the school.

FloodingFlooding at Mount Cook
Map Location: -43.734653 170.103918
Comments:

DamageThe Hermitage was closed due to serious damage by floods. The annexe was undermined and listed and the small outhouses were swept away. The floods had subsided on the 30th.

Affected LifelineThe roads were greatly damaged.

FloodingFlooding at Rangitata
Map Location: -44.066216 171.375314
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Rangitata railway bridge was damaged on the morning of the 29th, dislocating train traffic.

CommentThe water at the railway bridge on the mroning of the 28th was said to be the highest in 30 years.

FloodingFlooding at Waimakariri River
Map Location: -43.442439 172.509438
Comments:

CommentA northwester on the 27th and 28th brought the Waimakariri River down in high flood on the 28th. The floodwaters subsided by 5pm.

Affected LifelineThe North Road from Chaneys was impassable except for traps. The mailman from Kaiapoi could not get through.

Physical CharacteristicAbout 1/2 mile (805 m) past the Empire bridge the water was 2 ft 6 in (76 cm) deep.

Stock DamageDeep sheep floated down the main stream in large numbers.

Otago

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otago
Comments:

CommentVery heavy rain was experienced in Central Otago.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentFloods were reported in Central Otago.

Crop DamageFarmers suffered considerable loss, particularly in grain.

FloodingFlooding at Dunedin
Map Location: -45.87911 170.502707
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe damage to the water supply line on the Waipori River cut off the electricity supply to the city trams and factories. Houses, shops and some street lamps were without power on the night of the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Fruitlands
Map Location: -45.342549 169.302177
Comments:

DamageOne of the river dredges at Bald Hill Flat (Fruitlands) sank during the night of the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Manorburn Reservoir
Map Location: -45.382253 169.617902
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicManorburn Dam received 78 mm (7.8 cm) of rain.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Queenstown
Map Location: -45.041441 168.645105
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicQueenstown received 2.49 in (6.3 cm) of rain on the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Tapanui
Map Location: -45.945409 169.268023
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTapanui received 1.40 in (3.6 cm) of rain on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Waipori River
Map Location: -45.926943 170.035029
Comments:

CommentThe exceptional rainfall caused a flood in the Waipori River.

DamageEarly on the morning of the 29th a portion of the fluming supplying the water to the power house was carried away.

Southland

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Southland
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain was general throughout Southland from about the evening of the 27th until the night of the 28th. There were exceptional downpours in the eastern and western districts.

Physical CharacteristicRiverside (?) received 2.38 in (6.0 cm) of rain on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAll the rivers and creeks were in flood, as the warm rain melted the snow in the mountains.

ImpactAt Riverside (?) the flood waters a covered large portion of the plains 3 miles (4.8 km) wide.

CasualtiesAt least three people were reported drowned.

DamageGore, Mataura and Wyndham were among the worst affected areas, with heavy losses to crops, animals, homes and shops.

DamagePastures were heavily silted and extensive areas of land were stripped of their topsoil.

Stock DamageLarge numbers of stock were lost. Stock losses in the country surrounding Gore were very heavy. Pastures were heavily silted and contaminated by the carcases of drowned animals, causing losses through disease.

Crop DamageThe losses of crops in stook and stack were reported to be very heavy.

Affected LifelineThere were numerous washouts on different railway lines throughout Southland and thousands of pounds of damage was done. The train from Lumsden to Invercargill on the morning of the 28th was three hours late due to the flooding. Washouts were reported on the Waikaia line, the Waikaka line, the Mararoa branch and the Winton to Kingston line. On the Mararoa branch there was a washout 10 chains (201 m) long and the maintenance was whirled away to a depth of 4 ft (1.2 m). There were also washouts between Thornbury and Otautau, and trains could not get past Thornbury on the night of the 28th. All the lines were repaired by the 31st except for the Nightcaps branch and the Orepuki line at Oporo.

ImpactAll the sluicing companies stopped work and had to turn the water out of the races.

Affected LifelineTraffic from Lake Te Anau to Lumsden was entirely suspended.

CommentAll the smaller streams between Orepuki and Tuatapere were in high flood.

Affected LifelineTelegraphic communication between Te Anau and Lumsden was suspended due to wires being down.

CommentThe floods were the worst since 1878 and there was not another flood disaster on the same scale for 71 years afterwards.

Damage CostDamage to the Mataura valley was estimated at £300,000 ($42,290,600 2008 dollars) .

Damage CostDamage to the Gore district including the Mataura Valley was £150,000 ($21,145,300 2008 dollars).

FloodingFlooding at Aparima
Map Location: -46.058265 168.049314
Comments:

Crop DamageA farmer in the Aparma district lost 40 acres (0.16 km^2) of oats in stook when the whole paddock was swept bare by the flood waters.

FloodingFlooding at Athol
Map Location: -45.50847 168.579174
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a huge washout on the railway line at Athol.

FloodingFlooding at Birchwood
Map Location: -45.938636 167.856172
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe foot suspension bridge over the Orawia near Birchwood was carried away on the 28th. The suspension bridges at Mount Linton and Rannock (Rannoch) were carried away.

ImpactWater entered the Rannock homestead.

FloodingFlooding at Branxholme
Map Location: -46.294435 168.303716
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was water across the Gap Road at Branxholme on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Centre Bush
Map Location: -46.051825 168.321715
Comments:

ImpactThe flat land around Centre Bush was submerged when the Oreti River overflowed. Along the Hundred line road towards Centre Bush, the flat between Moor's terrace and the bridge at Shand's was covered with water on the morning of the 28th.

Crop DamageSheaves were washed away.

DamageAlmost a mile of fences was washed away on one farm.

Physical CharacteristicAt Centre Bush the water was 18 in (46 cm) deep in one house and nearly 2 ft (61 cm) in another. Floodwater had never been known to enter these houses before.

Affected LifelineThere was a big washout on the railway line near the Centre Bush station and the yard also suffered considerable damage.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Dipton
Map Location: -45.899764 168.3735
Comments:

CommentThe rain commenced in Dipton at 4pm on the 27th.

Physical CharacteristicDipton received 3.16 in (8.0 cm) of rain on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentFloods occurred in the Dipton area on the 28th, as both the Oreti River and the Dipton Stream seriously overflowed their banks. Lower Dipton was flooded but the waters had receded in 24 hours.

Physical CharacteristicThe Oreti River began to rise with the heavy rain on the night of the 27th. The water rose 2 ft (61 cm) within half an hour in early afternoon on the 28th.

ImpactEarly on the morning of the 28th the water was running through the town and houses and business premises were flooded.

Physical CharacteristicIt was reported that some houses were standing in 3 ft (91 cm) of water on the 28th.

Stock DamageA number of cattle, sheep and some horses were lost.

Crop DamageSome crops were washed away. One Dipton farmer had 25 acres (0.10 km^2) of wheat damaged.

Affected LifelineRoads all around the district suffered severe damage. Some bridges were washed away and those that weren't were left insecure. The road bridge between Dipton and Benmore was impassable and the road was almost swept clear of gravel for about 1/4 mile (402 m). The bridge over Shag Creek failed to withstand the flood and huge holes were scopped out of the approaches.

ImpactTwo men with their horses and dogs were marooned on an island from the night of the 28th until the next afternoon.

DamageA hut was overturned and swept by the floodwaters for 1/4 mile (402 m).

FloodingFlooding at Dipton West
Map Location: -45.889086 168.342743
Comments:

ImpactAt the old township on the west side of the river, the overflow of water was serious. The Dipton Stream overflowed its banks to a serious extent.

Crop DamageA good deal of crop in stook in the area was washed away early in the forenoon on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Fairfax
Map Location: -46.20992 168.043904
Comments:

Affected LifelineOn the 28th there was more water running across the road between Mt. Pleasant and Fairfax and the Ringway railway gates and the hill than residents could ever remember.

Affected LifelineNear Fairfax the railway was washed away for 1 mile (1.6 km), nearly 3 ft (91 cm) deep, stopping train traffic.

FloodingFlooding at Five Rivers
Map Location: -45.623164 168.44452
Comments:

CommentThe residents at Five Rivers were in a particularly perilous plight.

CasualtiesA girl named Veint, about 9 years old, was drowned at Five Rivers when she fell into a waterhole on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Freshford
Map Location: -45.771893 168.795847
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Freshford bridge on the Waikaia line was reported to have been washed away.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Garston
Map Location: -45.467854 168.686014
Comments:

CommentThere was heavy rain and no wind, a warm rainfall with a maximum temperature of 68 degreesF (20 degC).

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAt Garston, the floods were considerably higher than the 1878 flood.

CommentThe river at Garston was very heavily in flood between 2pm and 3pm.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Gore
Map Location: -46.095878 168.927462
Comments:

CommentRain commenced in and around Gore at about 4pm on the 27th and fell with ceasing until late on the evening of the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicGore received 1.55 in (3.9 cm) of rain in 24 hours to the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactGore was inundated suddenly by a wave of about 1 m coming down the Mataura River in the early hours of the 29th. At 3am Mr Smith gave the first warning of the approaching flood, but it was thought uneccessary to sound the alarm. The alarm was first sounded at 3:30am after the river had overflowed its bank at Jacobstown and was rising rapidly.

CommentThe flash-flood was probably started by a cloud-burst in the Mataura Gorge.

Impact2 miles (3.2 km) above Gore, the flood extended 2 miles (3.2 km) in width over the low-lying land.

Physical CharacteristicWithin a couple of hours after the warning firebell, water had filled the streets to a depth of 5-6 ft (1.5-1.8 m). Between 7am and 7:30am the water rose 2 ft (61 cm), and reached beyond the highest level recorded during the 1878 flood.

CommentThe flood was the heaviest experienced in the district since the flood of 1878, any many people stated that it was heavier. The 1878 flood did not cover the crown of the road and did not menace property, so the present flood was said to be about 6 ft (1.8 m) higher.

Property DamageThe flood caused much destruction of property in Gore and the rural land adjoining the river. Some outhouses were shifted considerably by the floodwaters and one house shifted on its foundations. Houses built in depressions or on low ground suffered severely as far as the hospital.

ImpactMost of the houses and every business premise but one were invaded by flood waters. The east side of Gore flooded and 13-14 houses were affected.

DamageStocks that were not completely destroyed would seriously depreciate in value due to contact with the water. Shop windows were stove in, stock washed out of shops and large deposits of silt were left on floors. Individual losses to businesses were estimated at between £200 and £1000 ($28,200-$141,000 2008 dollars). The biggest sufferes, Messrs H. and J. Smith, estimated their loss at £2,500 ($352,400 2008 dollars). Three of their large plate glass windows were smashed to pieces and most of their stock was ruined. Messrs W. Lewis and Co. estimated their loss at £1,500 ($211,500 2008 dollars), and Messrs MacGibbon and Sons estimated their loss at £1000 ($141,000 2008 dollars). Damage to Mr A. R. Watson's book shop was estimated at £1000 ($141,000 2008 dollars) and the Farmers' Co-operative Assoc. lost £1000 ($141,000 2008 dollars) due to the water coming into contact with a large quantity of stock.

Peak Water LevelIn the Southland Club Hotel the water flowed 6 ft (1.8 m) deep through the back door and windows and out the front door on the 29th. In one shop the water reached up to the counter. The water in the store of Messrs H. and J. Smith rose to a height of over 4 ft (1.2 m). In other shops the water was around 3 ft deep (91 cm).

Damage CostThe damage in Gore was estimated at £100,000 ($14,096,900 2008 dollars).

EvacueesResidents on low ground were compelled to leave their homes. 1800 residents were forced to leave their homes for shelter in other people's houses or in the school. It would be days before any of the houses were dry enough to be inhabited again.

InjuriesA man almost drowned when the cart he was driving, doing rescue work, was overturned and pinned him against a hedge with only his head above water for a couple of hours. He was said to be injured.

ImpactFood was in short supply while the town was inundated. 300 loaves of bread were brought through the floodwaters on a lorry from Invercargill in a monumental 6 1/2 hour journey, arriving at 11pm on the 29th. There were only 17 loaves left within half an hour of unloading.

Affected LifelineThe roads in gore were impassable and the main street resembled a river bed. At 9am the main street was a raging torent and was impassable, with all kinds of debris flowing down it. Roads in the borough suffered severely, with some almost stripped of their metal.

Affected LifelineThe town water supply was cut off due to the the pumping plant at Mataura being submerged.

Physical CharacteristicHalf the private residences were submerged several feet and some 10 ft (3.0 m).

ImpactNumerous people had to stay on the roofs of their houses till late the afternoon when they were rescued.

ImpactBusiness was suspended while the streets were submerged. The Ensign was unable to publish on the 29th as all the machinery was submerged. All five banks were inundated and tradespeople were unable to get their books out of the safes. Many ledgers burst and documents were left in a mess.

ImpactWhen the 4:30pm train arrived at Gore on the 28th there was no accommodation available, due to the hundreds of people homeless. The railway carriages and the good shed were crammed full of people

DamageA hay stack floated down the main street into a masonry yard and caused a huge amount of damage there. In the Southland Club Hotel every piece of furniture was more or less damaged. In houses, scores of pianos were damaged and some houses were completely ruined by floodwaters.

Physical CharacteristicThe Gore railway bridge reached a flood level of 266.97.

Peak River FlowAt the Gore Highway Bridge, the Matuara River recorded a maximum discharge of 60,000 cusecs (1699 cumecs) on the 29th, with a catchment area of 1338 square miles (3465 km^2).

Physical CharacteristicEarly estimates put the full flood discharge through Gore at between 145,000-168,000 cusecs (4106-4757 cumecs) (McEnnis, District Engineer, Public Works Dept., Dunedin). A July 1918 estimate put the flood flow at Mataura Borough at 177,000 cusecs (5012 cumecs) (C. J McKenzie, District Engineer, P.W.D., Dunedin). A 28 July 1949 estimate put the flood flow at 120,000 cusecs (3398 cumecs) (I. Malcolm, District Engineer, N.Z. Railways, Invercargill). A comprehensive evaluation of the 1913 flood information was done by Miller and MacMillan (1962), who estimated a flow of 60,000 cusecs (1699 cumecs), but only for the flow beneath the Mataura town bridge, excluding water which flowed through the town. The overflow was calculated to have been about 6,000 cusecs (170 cumecs), roughly equivalent to the contribution from the Waikaka and other tributary streams between Gore and Mataura, thus bringing the total flood flow at Mataura Borough to an estimate of 66,000 cusecs (1869 cumecs).

Physical CharacteristicThe flood level above the west approach to the railway bridge was 2 ft 11 in (89 cm) in height.

Peak River FlowThe flood discharge that passed through the town of Gore was said to be 12,100-13,400 cusecs (343-379 cumecs).

Peak River FlowThe flood flow below the railway bridge was estimated at 108,000 cusecs (3058 cumecs).

FloodingFlooding at Gropers Bush
Map Location: -46.239761 168.035456
Comments:

CasualtiesA man, Mr Younger, was drowned on his farm at Gropers Bush on the evening of the 28th while trying to save his stock.

FloodingFlooding at Hokonui
Map Location: -46.124115 168.488803
Comments:

CasualtiesA man, Mr Walsh, was drowned after he and two other men driving in a trap were thrown into the Otapiri River at Hokonui around 12pm on the 28th. The other two were rescued from an island.

CommentThe Otapiri River had never before been seen in such a flooded state.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Invercargill
Map Location: -46.436318 168.35975
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain set in shortly after 6pm on the 27th and continued steadily until 10pm or 11pm on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicInvercargill received 2.63 in (6.7 cm) of rain in 48 hours.

Physical CharacteristicThe rain gauge at the Waikiwi Observatory recorded 2 in (5.1 cm) of rain in the 18 hours up to 1pm on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicInvercargill received 1.55 in (3.9 cm) of rain in the 14 hours from 7pm on the 27th till 9am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicInvercargill received 1.05 in (2.7 cm) of rain in the 12.5 hours from 9am till 9:30pm on the 28th.

CommentThe rainfall in the 24 hours on the 28th was a new record for Invercargill (the previous highest was 17th December 1912).

FloodingFlooding at Isla Bank
Map Location: -46.208033 168.128453
Comments:

CommentThe Waimatuku Stream was overflowing its banks at Isla Bank on the 30th.

FloodingFlooding at Josephville
Map Location: -45.803998 168.41343
Comments:

Affected LifelineA train was stuck at Josephville on the morning of the 28th, with washouts both in front and behind.

FloodingFlooding at Kauana
Map Location: -46.015973 168.360867
Comments:

Affected LifelineOn the railway line between Kauana and Pukeroa there were at least 6 small washouts.

ImpactOne farm was under water.

Stock DamageStock were lying dead in the corners of paddocks.

DamageMiles and miles of fencing was washed down.

FloodingFlooding at Limehills
Map Location: -46.063452 168.319469
Comments:

Crop DamageA farmer at Limehills lost about 35 acres (0.14 km^2) of oats.

Affected LifelineThe bridge at Swale's was washed out and two large holes were scoured out of the road on each side.

Physical CharacteristicThe water was 6-7 ft (1.8-2.1 m) deep in some places near a house on Mrs Henderson's farm.

FloodingFlooding at Lochiel
Map Location: -46.204133 168.333224
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was water across the Gap Road at Lochiel on the 28th.

CommentSome of the oldest residents of the district said it was the highest flood ever seen.

Affected LifelineThe bridge over the Oreti River west of Lochiel gave way. The bridge over the Winton channel west of Lochiel also suffered damage and was still closed to traffic on the 3rd April.

ImpactThe intake at the dairy factory was down due to the suppliers across the river being unable to cross the bridge.

FloodingFlooding at Lowther
Map Location: -45.661897 168.43246
Comments:

Stock DamageOne farmer at Lowther lost 500 sheep.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Lumsden
Map Location: -45.740784 168.456441
Comments:

CommentRain commenced at Lumsden at 7:30pm on the 27th, accompanied by an easterly wind, and continued for 24 hours till the night of the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactBetween 9am and 10am on the 28th the Oreti River overflowed its banks and entered the town. The country between the railway and the river towards the west was turned into a sea of water. The river was still rising at 3pm and at 7:30pm there was a stretch of 2 miles (3.2 km) of floodwater.

Affected LifelineWater was running through the main street. Lumsden was cut off from the outside world from the morning of the 28th until the evening of the 30th.

ImpactWater came into many houses in the town. The premises of Mr Jonhstone (merchant) and Mr Small (baker) were flooded.

EvacueesOccupants were removed from their flooded houses by carts.

Physical CharacteristicIn several houses the water was over 3 ft (91 cm) deep at 2pm on the 28th.

CommentOne of the oldest residents in the area said this flood was the highest since 1878.

Peak Water LevelUp to 7 ft (2.1 m) of water flowed down Lumsden's main street and there was 2 ft (61 cm) of water in street on the night of the 28th.

Peak River FlowAt Lumsden, the Oreti River was discharging at an estimated 61,600 cusecs (1744 cumecs).

Peak River FlowAt the Lumsden Recorder, the Oreti River recorded a maximum discharge of 849 cumecs on the 28th, with a catchment area of 1160 km^2.

DamageThousands of sheaves and hundreds of sheep were seen floating down the river from up-country.

Stock DamageHundreds of stock were reported missing.

Affected LifelineWashouts on the railway line prevented trains from getting into Lumsden.

FloodingFlooding at Maitland
Map Location: -45.993244 169.021974
Comments:

Affected LifelineA train from Gore to Waikaka could not get past Maitland on the afternoon of the 28th due to the floods.

FloodingFlooding at Makarewa
Map Location: -46.327741 168.348446
Comments:

ImpactThe floodwaters of the Makarewa River stretched out over wide areas of land on both sides. On the afternoon of the 29th the low-lying land along the river bank in northern Makarewa was an immense sheet of water, stretching from the railway bridge for miles inland. In some places fences were completely submerged.

Physical CharacteristicThe volume of the river reached its greatest pressure on the morning of the 29th. A rise of 6 ft (1.8 m) was perceptible within a few hours.

ImpactThere were a few narrow escapes from drowning. One man was saved from being washed off a haystack.

Stock DamageFarmers in the district suffered serious stock losses. One farmer lost 1000 sheep, and three valuable brood mares were drowned. Many horses and other stock were severely injured by barbs on submerged fences.

Crop DamageOne farmer lost most of his crop and another lost practically his whole crop in stook. Some 18-20 acres (0.07-0.08 km^2) of oats were lost.

Damage CostFarmers in the area estimated a loss of £500-£600 ($70,500-$84,600 2008 dollars).

FloodingFlooding at Mataura
Map Location: -46.18797 168.855413
Comments:

CommentAt Mataura, the Mataura River rose with great rapidity and broke its banks above the town at 9am on the 29th. Towards 6pm the floodwaters had receded considerably.

ImpactAll houses above the paper mills and on the west side of the town were inundated in a very short time. One store and one hotel were flooded and the coal mines were flooded.

EvacueesAbout 150 families were out of their houses on the night of the 29th and sheltered on higher ground. People were rescued from their homes in carts.

DamageThe freezing works suffered a lot of damage, particularly the electric light department, which was disorganised for a few days. The damage done in the paper mills was expected to run into four figures.

Affected LifelineA washout on the railway line below Mataura stopped railway traffic on the Gore line until the night of the 30th.

DamageTwo houses at Mataura were carried away by the flood, one with a man inside who was eventually rescued. Residents returned to their homes on the morning of the 30th to find things in a dreadful state.

Affected LifelineTwo bridges over the Waimumu Stream and one over the Waikana Stream were washed away.

CommentAll along the Mataura-Gore road dead sheep and sheaves and bags of corn were strewn on the fences.

CommentThe flood at Mataura was said to be this biggest in 45 years, and much bigger than the flood of 1878.

Physical CharacteristicThe river was flowing right over the bridge and there was 3-4 ft (91 cm-1.2 m) of water in the streets.

Affected LifelineWater flowed down the full width of the streets like a stream.

Affected Lifeline100 people were marrooned at the paper mill when the bridge there was washed away. Buckets of food had to be lowered to them by a rope.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood at the road bridge in the Mataura township was 5 ft (1.5 m) higher than in the 1878 flood.

Peak River FlowAt the Mataura Town Bridge, the Matuara River recorded a maximum discharge of 62,000 cusecs (1756 cumecs) on the 29th, with a catchment area of 1578 square miles (4087 km^2).

Peak Water LevelAt the Mataura Town Bridge, the Matuara River reaced a height of 31.75 ft (9.68 m) on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Mataura Island
Map Location: -46.425652 168.787326
Comments:

ImpactMataura Island was covered with water on the 30th.

Affected LifelineCommunication with Mataura Island was interrupted. About one-third of the large bridge was washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Mossburn
Map Location: -45.668358 168.221765
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere were washouts on the Mossburn railway line.

FloodingFlooding at Menzies Ferry
Map Location: -46.346578 168.81853
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe most extensive of the railway damage was done near the Menzies Ferry bridge, where the Mataura River, 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 16 ft (4.9 m) high burst through the embankment, carrying the railway with it. The force of the water over the bridge also created a kink in the line.

FloodingFlooding at Nightcaps
Map Location: -45.967978 168.035162
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was still no train service to Nightcaps on the 31st.

FloodingFlooding at Oporo
Map Location: -46.293698 168.273875
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere was a serious break in the Orepuki railway line between the Oporo flag station and the bridge across the Oreti. A gap about 1 chain (20 m) wide and 18 ft (5.5 m) deep was cut through the embankment and further west a washout for about 15 chains (302 m) occurred.

ImpactOn the evening of the 30th water was still running through the tablet officer's house and a gravel dredge was completely surrounded with water.

Peak River FlowAt Oporo, the Oreti River was discharging at an estimated 53,000 cusecs (1501 cumecs).

FloodingFlooding at Orawia
Map Location: -46.054113 167.796542
Comments:

CommentThe Orawia Stream was in high flood.

DamageLarge losses were reported from Orawia.

FloodingFlooding at Oreti River
Map Location: -46.304952 168.27359
Comments:

CommentThe Oreti River was in record flood.

Physical CharacteristicAn old settler stated that the depth of the river on the 30th was fully 18 in (46 cm) more than in 1878.

Peak Water LevelThe water on Mr Howell's farm was up to 6 ft (1.8 m) deep in places on the 30th, and it rose to the windows of a house being built there.

EvacueesFarmers in the vicinity had to leave their homes on the 30th and seek shelter elsewhere.

ImpactThe flood spread to the property of Mr Hughes at the intersection of the road leading to Otatara and the road leading to Riverton beach. This was the first time that land had been touched by floodwater. From Mr Fosbender's hill a sheet of water extended for miles in the direction of Riverton beach. Fosbender's property was almost completely submerged. The water began to recede on the afternoon of the 30th.

Peak Water LevelOn the road on the east side of the ferry there was about 4 ft (1.2 m) of water, while further along the depth was close to 6 ft (1.8 m).

Affected LifelineThe bridge at the Ferry was submerged by water.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otamita
Map Location: -46.011974 168.846137
Comments:

CommentRain began to fall in Otamita on the afternoon of the 27th and a heavy downpour fell throughout the night and on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Matuara River was rising rapidly on the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Otautau
Map Location: -46.143853 168.005563
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain commenced in Otautau at about 8pm on the 27th and continued without intermission until late on the evening of the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Aparima River was very high on the 28th.

CommentThe Otautau River was rising but not in flood on the 28th.

ImpactThe school was dismissed on the morning of the 28th as children would not be able to get home. Business was entirely suspended for a considerable time.

CommentThe floods in the Otautau district were phenomenal. Many of the oldest residents stated that it was the heaviest flood experienced there, far exceeding the flood of 1878.

ImpactTh whole town was inundated and floodwaters entered many houses in the town, which had never been entered before.

Stock DamageGreat numbers of sheep and cattle were drowned and washed away.

Crop DamageOn the flat land all the outstanding crops were washed away.

DamageThe loss experienced was enormous. A lot of damage was done to County Council and public property, including business places.

Peak Water LevelWater was several feet deep in the backyards in the town. Some people had water up to 3 ft (91 cm) deep in their houses. A grain store had water at least 1 ft (31 cm) deep inside and another store had water 2 ft (61 cm) deep.

CommentThe overflowing of the Aparima River into the Otautau Stream greatly increased the severity of the floods.

EvacueesResidents were flooded out of their houses, and they were brought to alternative accommodation by carts.

FloodingFlooding at Riversdale
Map Location: -45.899134 168.738796
Comments:

ImpactLarge amounts of water from the Mataura River transversed the plain to Riversdale.

CasualtiesA girl was reported to have drowned in the floodwaters at Riversdale.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at South Hillend
Map Location: -46.040653 168.22298
Comments:

CommentIn South Hillend the rain was very heavy throughout the night of the 27th.

Physical Characteristic5 in (12.7 cm) of rain was recorded on Mr Langford's farm.

FloodingFlooding at The Key
Map Location: -45.543915 167.901089
Comments:

Stock DamageThe railway ganger at the Mararoa Bridge said that he witnessed 500 sheep floating past in the space of a few minutes.

FloodingFlooding at Thomsons Crossing
Map Location: -46.184809 168.323128
Comments:

DamageThe Winton Creek caused a lot of damage between the main road at Thomsons Crossing and the Oreti River. Sheaves, turnips, gorse, fences and rabbits were all mixed up together. Miles of fencing was down and gorse hedges were uprooted.

Crop DamageSheaves of crops were spread over miles of country as far as the eye could see and tons of turnips were washed out of the ground.

DamageOne farmhouse was completely surrounded, there was water in all the buildings and the garden was swept of its soil.

Physical CharacteristicAlong the road there was evidence the water had been over 2 ft (61 cm) deep for a distance of nearly 2 miles (3.2 km).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Thornbury
Map Location: -46.286203 168.089901
Comments:

CommentThornbury had 30 hours of heavy rain from the 27th to the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Aparima River was rising quickly at Thornbury on the 28th.

Affected LifelineAt Thornbury, a hole 11 ft (3.4 m) deep was washed in the railway line.

Affected LifelineThe approaches to Hazlett's bridge near Thornbury were completely washed away.

FloodingFlooding at Waianiwa
Map Location: -46.292953 168.244036
Comments:

ImpactThe floodwaters reached the Waianiwa flats on the night of the 28th.

DamageStock and crop losses were very heavy on the night of the 28th and the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Waiau River
Map Location: -46.087024 167.735873
Comments:

CommentThe Waiau River was very high and rose rapidly on the 28th. It was at record height on the 29th.

Affected LifelineAll traffic across the ferry was suspended early on the morning of the 28th.

DamageThe flooding of the Waiau caused conisderable damage. Great trees were swept down the river and stock and crop losses were reported to be large.

Stock DamageOne farmer lost about 150 sheep, a dozen cattle and two horses and another lost five horses.

ImpactAll low-lying land was covered with water.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waikaia
Map Location: -45.721975 168.84901
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaikaia received 3.15 in (8.0 cm) of rain on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

DamageAt Waikaia, the flood broke over the railway stopbanks and overtopped banks in the station yards, causing a breach 2-3 chains (20-40 m) in length.

FloodingFlooding at Waikiwi Stream
Map Location: -46.327474 168.422611
Comments:

ImpactAt One Tree Point the overflow from the Waikiwi Stream spread out in a large sheet of water between the railway embankment and the dairy factory, and the country was inundated on both sides of the line.

FloodingFlooding at Waimahaka
Map Location: -46.517177 168.802731
Comments:

ImpactLate on the 29th the flood spread out all over the country between Waimahaka and Gorge Road.

DamageThe flood caused great damage and loss.

FloodingFlooding at Waimea Plains
Map Location: -45.849255 168.559399
Comments:

DamageConsiderable damage was done in the Waimea Plains district. Fences were levelled all around.

Stock DamageIt was reported that one farmer lost 600 sheep.

Crop DamageAll crops still out on the low-lying Waimea Plains were lost.

Affected LifelineFlood waters overtopped the Waimea railway line.

FloodingFlooding at Waimumu
Map Location: -46.126739 168.817733
Comments:

DamageLittle damage was done in the Waimumu district.

FloodingFlooding at Waipounamu
Map Location: -45.860764 168.761627
Comments:

Affected LifelineBeyond Waipounamu station yard the ends of the bridge were scoured out, caused by a large body of water escaping the main channel.

Physical CharacteristicThe level of the Mataura River at the bridge was 455.75, and the floodwaters broke over the banks.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wairio
Map Location: -46.001317 168.03485
Comments:

CommentA heavy continuous downpour commecned in Wairio between 8pm and 9pm on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAll the creeks in the area were in heavy flood on the 28th.

Affected LifelineThe mailman from Wairio to Wreys Bush was unable to get over with the mail on the morning of the 28th. Traffic was entirely suspended on many of the roads around Wairio, Wreys Bush and Aparima.

FloodingFlooding at Wallacetown
Map Location: -46.335093 168.272385
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe water from the Makarewa River blocked the road between Wallacetown and Underwood on the 29th. About a dozen cars with curious onlookers were marooned there.

FloodingFlooding at West Plains
Map Location: -46.367885 168.315219
Comments:

Stock DamageThe stock losses at West Plains were expected to be enormous. One farmer had 80 cattle and 70 sheep drowned.

FloodingFlooding at Winton
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Winton shunting yard and railway line for 1/2 mile (805 m) towards Hokonui suffered badly. The ballast was washed off into paddocks in many places and the rails and sleepers were suspended in a few places.

ImpactAll the houses on the low-lying parts of Winton were flooded and water was running through the flaxmill. A contracting plant on the east side of the railway line was sitting in several feet of water after it was flooded on the morning of the 28th.

Peak Water LevelHouses had up to 4 ft (1.2 m) of water inside and one of the railway huts had 3 ft (91 cm) of water inside.

Physical CharacteristicAt its height on the 28th the water extended from the foot of the cemetery hill across to the terrace at Oreti.

DamageSeveral culverts on the Drummond road were seriously damaged. One farmer on the road had miles of fencing washed away or forced down by debris.

Crop DamageOne farmer had his oat crop ruined by water and silt and another lost over 100 sacks of chaff.

Stock DamageOne Winton farmer lost 60 sheep and another was reported to have lost 115 hoggets.

Affected LifelineThere was a large washout and several smaller ones about 30 chains (603 m) on the south side of the Gap Road railway siding, caused by the overflow of the Winton Channel.

Physical CharacteristicThere was about 3 ft (91 cm) of water between the main street and the railway station at Winton on the 28th.

Peak River FlowAt Winton, the Oreti River was discharging at an estimated 81,500 cusces (2308 cumecs).

FloodingFlooding at Woodlands
Map Location: -46.358788 168.546979
Comments:

ImpactIn the Woodlands area a cottage near the railway line was almost completely surrounded by water and in front of the Woodlands Hotel the flodowaters formed a lagoon.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wreys Bush
Map Location: -46.004262 168.105089
Comments:

CommentWreys Bush had a heavy night's rain on the 27th. The rain on the high country commenced earlier than it did in the town.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Aparima River rose very quickly on the morning of the 28th.

ImpactThe floodwaters covered all the surrounding country, stretching as far as the eye could see.

Physical CharacteristicThe water was up to the doorstep of Mrs Kaveney's store on the 28th.

Affected LifelineA number of smal bridges were carried away and the bridge across the Aparima River at Powers was damaged again.

ImpactHouses in the township were flooded and water entered the post office.

Crop DamageWhole crops vanished.

Stock DamageStock losses were said to be very large.

Peak River FlowThe Aparima River at Wreys Bush bridge had a peak discharge of 35,000 cusecs (991 cumecs).

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Wyndham
Map Location: -46.325789 168.855161
Comments:

CommentSteady rain began to fall in Wyndham at 5:30pm on the 27th and continued without a break till the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe Mimihau Stream was rising rapidly on the 28th and the Wyndham (Mokoreta) River was also very high.

CommentThe Mataura River was high but not yet in a serious flood on the 28th.

Peak Water LevelWyndham was inundated to a depth of 3 ft (91 cm).

CommentOdl residents said that the flood was the worst in the history of the settlement.

ImpactA sheet of water more than 1 mile (1.6 km) wide extended from the bridge in the direction of Wyndham.

Physical CharacteristicThe volume of water passing down the channel was awe-inspriring.

Affected LifelineWater banked up behind the railway embankment beyond the bridge for hours until the whole country was inundated by the water and the bank finally broke. The embankment and ballasting on the Wyndham side of the bridge was swept away for about 20 chains (402 m), leaving the track suspended over the gap.

Physical CharacteristicIn the shops on the main street the water was little more than 2 ft (61 cm) deep at its highest.

CommentHeavy coatings of silt were deposited on floors.

CommentThe river rose much more slowly at Wyndham than it did at Gore and Mataura.

DamageThe greatest loss suffered by any individual business man was estimated at £100-£150 ($14,100-$21,100 2008 dollars).

CommentBelow Wyndham, the racecourse was strewn with carcasses and the remains of a house.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood at the Wyndham railway bridge reached 114.84.

FloodingFlooding at Yellow Bluff
Map Location: -46.125223 168.002012
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Yellow Bluff bridge was swinging on its piles on the 28th, and later half of it was washed away.

References

Cowie, C.A.; Attwood, A.K. (1957). Floods in New Zealand, 1920-53. The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand, 239p.
Esler, L. (2002). The Southland book of records. Invercargill, NZ: Craig Printing Company Ltd.
Major weather events in New Zealand, Floods and High Rainfall to 31st May 2006.
Miller, N. J.; McMillan, N. A. (????). Report on Gore Borough stopbanks Mataura River. Invercargill, N.Z.: Southland Catchment Board.
New Zealand's Nature Heritage, Hamlyn House, Auckland, Volume 6, Great Storms.
Owen, R.E. (1969). Hydrology Annual No.16, 1968. Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council. Wellington, NZ: The Ministry of Works.
Shearer, A.R. (1970). Hydrology Annual, No. 15, 1967, Part 1. Government Printer, Wellington, Water and Soil Division, New Zealand.
Sorrell, P. (Ed.). (2006). Murihiku: The Southland story. Invercargill, NZ: 2006 Book Project Committee.
Headline: Heavy rainfall.
The Southland Daily News, 28 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in the country.
The Southland Daily News, 28 March 1913.
Headline: Floods subsiding.
The Southland Daily News, 31 March 1913.
Headline: The floods at Lumsden.
The Southland Daily News, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Gore suffers severely: An unprecedented inundation.
The Southland Daily News, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in Southland.
The Southland Times, 29 March 1913.
Headline: At Makarewa: The flooded area.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods: Devastating visitation.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in Canterbury.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in Central Otago.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Floods in South Canterbury.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Gore's troubles: Another account.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Lumsden and district.
The Southland Times, 31 March 1913.
Headline: Lochiel notes.
The Southland Times, 4 April 1913.
The Southland Times. A Century of News, Invercargill, Saturday January 1, 1910 - Wednesday 31, 1919, Special Souvenir Edition, p 6.
Surface Water Hydrology of the Mataura River Catchment.