NZ Historic Weather Events Catalogue

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ModerateJanuary-February 1919 South Island Flooding ( 1919-01-26 )

2-41 years

Heavy rainfalls caused flooding in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. The flooding caused severe damage to pasture and crop lands near the Clutha River.

South Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at South Island
Duration:   9  days - From the 26th of January to the 3rd of March.
Comments:

Canterbury

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at South Canterbury
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was heavy rain over South Canterbury since the afternoon of the 27th and South Canterbury coast received 2 in (5.08 cm) of rain from the 27th to the 28th.

CommentThere were westerly rains in the alpine country and Mackenzie country.

ImpactThe rain stopped the harvesting of oats for some days.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAll rivers and creeks were high.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Benmore
Map Location: -44.56269 170.18409
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBenmore recorded 90 points (3.18 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicBenmore recorded 205 points (7.23 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am 26th

CommentRain was still falling heavily on the 27th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Geraldine
Map Location: -44.091052 171.227259
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicGeraldine recorded 244 points (8.60 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Kurow
Map Location: -44.73377 170.46807
Comments:

CommentA downpour of rain commenced on the 26th and continued to the 29th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentSubsidary streams of Waitaki River were all in high flood.

Affected LifelineThere were dangerous washouts on unbridged rivers between Kurow and Oamaru.

ImpactA car coming to Kurow on the evening of the 27th was submerged in a washout in Otiake River. The occupants were rescued by a farmer.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Station Peak
Map Location: -44.75066 170.564
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicStation Peak recorded 136 points (4.80 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 27th.

CommentSteady and persistent rain was still falling at 1pm on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding at The Hermitage
Map Location: -43.7319 170.08778
Comments:

Affected LifelineIt was difficult or impossible to get to or from the Hermitage on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding at Waitaki River
Map Location: -44.805453 170.579453
Comments:

ImpactWaitaki River was in high flood and reached a higher level than it had been for many years on the 28th. It overflowed and spread across a large extent of the plain.

CommentIslands in the middle of the river were submerged.

Stock DamageA large number of cattle were swept down the river.

ImpactFlood waters spread across the north bank of river at Sandhurst and flooded the low-lying part of township.

Affected LifelineAt some points water reached above bridge level. The train was unable to pass between Kurow and Sandhurst on 28th and the 29th.

Otago

FloodingFlooding at Otago
Comments:

Affected LifelineTrain services were interrupted on the 28th.

Affected LifelineThe south railway line was still blocked on the 1st and only a slow train was going as far as Allanton.

Affected LifelineFor one and a half miles beyond Otokia Station the railway line was still covered by 3ft (0.91 m) of water on the 3rd of February.

Affected LifelineThere was a breach on the Otago Central line at Oturehua on the 3rd.

CommentFloods in Clutha and Taieri districts started to subside on the 3rd.

CommentFlood water in neither Taieri nor Clutha districts reached the flood level of May 1917.

CommentNearly six weeks elapsed before the last water dried off from the lowest areas.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Alexandra
Map Location: -45.253862 169.375391
Comments:

CommentThere were occasional heavy showers in Alexandra.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentIn Alexandra, the Clutha River started to fall at daybreak on the 28th.

CommentDistrict never had such a wet summer season in the living memory of the oldest residents.

DamageThere was no great amount of damage except to two small cob houses and a hut or two.

FloodingFlooding at Balclutha
Map Location: -46.23013 169.733472
Comments:

ImpactThe town side of the river was sandbagged from 5am on the 26th.

Physical CharacteristicRiver rose at 2 in (5.08 cm) an hour until 1pm on the 27th and then much faster until 4pm on the 27th.

Damage CostIn Balclutha, the damage was very severe and was estimated at £4-5 per acre. The estimated damage was totalled at £270,000 ($24,576,000 2009 dollars) in land depreciation and damaged crops.

CommentThe firebell rung at daybreak on the 28th to warn residents in the area likely to be affected by the flood.

EvacueesBy the evening of the 28th, a majority of people from Rosebank at the south end and north Balclutha had vacated their homes. Several houses were affected by flood water.

ImpactA break in the embankment at Hermitage, near Stirling, caused the river to fall.

ImpactBarnego was completely under water and the settlers' houses were isolated.

Physical CharacteristicThe Balclutha Dairy Factory was surrounded by water up to 5 ft (1.52 m) deep. The flood hindered some operations.

Affected LifelineInch Clutha was isolated.

ImpactThe whole of the Clutha Valley, from Balclutha to the sea, was submerged.

CommentThere were no floods of a serious nature in the district except in Molyneaux flat.

CommentClutha River receded 2 ft (0.61 m) by 3pm on the 29th to be 1 ft (0.305 m) below the highest mark reached in the 1917 flood.

CommentThere were two small breaches in the protective embankment. One near the showgrounds and one near the saleyards.

Damage CostDamage was estimated at several hundred pounds for temporary repair work.

CommentThere was no loss in the business establishments. These were entirely flood-free.

Stock DamageA few sheep and pig carcasses were seen floating down the river.

Affected LifelineA large number of mini geysers were coming through large fissures in the streets and even the asphalt footpath on the main street.

CommentThe river was running several feet above town level.

ImpactAir pressure caused one part of the ground near Council Chambers to suddenly bulge upwards one foot. The bowling green was covered with small mounds and there were several breaks in the asphalt tennis court.

Physical CharacteristicOn the 29th, water was within 18 in (0.46 m) of the top of the embankment.

CommentLooking up river from Balclutha hill, there was just one sea of water from hill to hill. Barnego was indicated only by houses and trees.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Becks
Map Location: -44.99578 169.741076
Comments:

CommentThere was heavy rain with heavy peals of thunder and lightning all day on the 26th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBecks recorded 109 points (3.85 cm) in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Physical CharacteristicBecks recorded 364 points (12.84 cm) of rain up until the morning of the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicBecks recorded 783 points (27.62 cm) of rain for the month of January to date on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe creeks, rivers and watercourses were all in flood.

FloodingFlooding at Berwick
Map Location: -45.944896 170.106376
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe river overtopped the banks and the road up the flat was covered with floodwater.

FloodingFlooding at Clutha River
Map Location: -46.203535 169.699318
Comments:

AreaApproximately 5000 ha of land surrounding the Clutha River was inundated.

Physical CharacteristicIn Alexandra, the Clutha River rose 31 ft 6 in (9.6 m) and had a peak discharge estimated at 88,200 cusecs (2498 cumecs). (Cowie, C.A; Attwood, A.K.(1957) FLOODS in NEW ZEALAND 1920 -53, The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand,239p.)

Physical CharacteristicFrom a reconstructed discharge curve, Clutha River had a discharge of 97,000 cusecs (2747 cumecs) at Alexandra. The catchment area was 5315 sq miles (13,766 km^2) but it was affected by backwater. The river had a gauge height of 34ft 1in (10.39 m). (Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand)

Physical CharacteristicAt Balclutha, the Clutha River rise 17 ft (5.18 m) above normal with a peak discharge estimated at 120,000 cusecs (3398 cumecs).

Physical CharacteristicFrom a reconstructed discharge curve, Clutha River had a discharge of 140,000 cusecs (3964 cumecs) at Balclutha, gauged at old road bridge. The catchment area was 8100 sq miles (20,979 km^2).

ImpactClutha River changed its course. It broke through the embankment below Stirling and, with the original stream, formed an island five to six miles wide, entering the sea by two separate mouths.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Cromwell
Map Location: -45.040741 169.203073
Comments:

CommentRain ceased at 2pm on the 27th but started again after 12pm on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentRivers reached very high level on the night of the 27th.

Affected LifelineThere was some damage to roads in various parts but traffic resumed on the 28th.

CommentThe flood level of the river was generally admitted to be the highest since 1878.

ImpactClutha River overflowed the foot bridge at Dead Man's Point and the dredges on Clutha were unable to work.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Dunedin
Map Location: -45.87911 170.502707
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHigh rainfall totalling 20.0 cm was recorded in Dunedin.

CommentRain commenced at 7pm on the 28th and later became heavy for several hours.

FloodingFlooding at Henley
Map Location: -45.981427 170.16589
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicAt Henley Bridge, Taieri River rose 15 in (0.38 m) on the 1st.

ImpactThere was failure of the outlet box at the traffic bridge beside the Cooperative Dairy Factory on the morning of the 2nd. The pressure of the water undermined and carried away the road on which it stood. The washout was 12 ft (3.66 m) below the level of river and the flood water also washed out a new passage under the road. Almost 3000 sandbags were used to repair it.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Hillgrove
Map Location: -45.36241 170.82019
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTrotter's Creek at Hillgrove recorded 1.40 in (3.56 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 27th.

CommentRain was still falling on the 27th.

Physical CharacteristicHillgrove recorded 54 points (1.91 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Physical CharacteristicHillgrove reocrded 2.45 in (6.22 cm) of rain since the storm commenced to the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Inch Clutha
Map Location: -46.288561 169.780158
Comments:

ImpactAt the lower Inch Clutha, several families were without bread for two to three days.

FloodingFlooding at Kaitangata
Map Location: -46.283362 169.855758
Comments:

Impact73 houses were flooded.

ImpactThe mine there was idle for 19 days.

ImpactLarge flats between Stirling and Kaitangata were completely inundated.

Affected LifelineRoad and rail traffic to Kaitangata was cut off.

CommentWaters were rapidly backing up on the low-lying parts of town at 12:30pm on the 28th.

CommentIt was the highest flood ever recorded in the area. The flood was 18 in (0.46 m) above the 1917 flood mark by late afternoon on the 30th and was still rising fast.

EvacueesHouses were flooded and residents were vacating their houses between Kaitangata and Stirling. Approximately 20 people vacated their homes in Kaitangata. All houses on the flat were abandoned.

ImpactWater entered several shops.

CommentClutha River had a break one hundred yards long in the bank near Mosley's, below the Stirling bridge on the 1st. Bells were rung to warn residents. Some residents were marooned in their houses.

ImpactBusinesses were flooded along Eddystone Street and west from the intersections at Water Street and north of Weymouth Street on the 1st.

Stock DamageThere were very few losses recorded in the immediate vicinity of Kaitangata. There were dead bodies of animals floating along on the raging flood but these were mostly from higher up the river.

CommentFlooding was severe in Kaitangata and the water reached the level of the 1878 flood on the 1st and 2nd.

FloodingFlooding at Kawarau River
Map Location: -45.020175 168.966862
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKawarau River rose 26 ft (7.92 m) above normal (which was 2 ft (0.61 m) above the 1878 flood level).

FloodingFlooding at Kokonga
Map Location: -45.210004 170.246345
Comments:

CommentTaieri River reached the highest flood mark of 1917.

FloodingFlooding at Lovells Flat
Map Location: -46.174409 169.837707
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe main railway line flooded between Lovells Flat and Benhar on the 28th. A fresh break occurred on the line near Lovell's Flat on the 29th. Water was over 4 ft (1.22 m) deep on the line.

Affected LifelineThe railway line between Stirling and Lovell's Flat was covered with water in six places and had one or two washouts.

FloodingFlooding at Makarora Lake
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicMakarora Lake rose 6 in (0.15 m) over night on the 27th as rain fell steadily.

FloodingFlooding at Manuherikia River
Map Location: -45.019142 169.739145
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicManuherikia River rose 20 ft (6.10 m) above normal and had a discharge of 17,500 cusecs (496 cumecs) at Ophir.

Physical CharacteristicManuherikia River had a discharge of 20,000 cusecs (566 cumecs) at Ophir.

FloodingFlooding at Middlemarch
Map Location: -45.508281 170.125395
Comments:

CommentIn Middlemarch, Taieri River was at a high level all day on the 29th and it was still raining.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Mosgiel
Map Location: -45.882205 170.333108
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicMosgiel recorded 119 points (4.20 cm) of rain to 9am on the 27th.

Physical CharacteristicMosgiel recorded 40 points (1.41 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicMosgiel recorded 53 points (1.87 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Naseby
Map Location: -45.024406 170.137888
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicNaseby recorded 206 points (7.28 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicNaseby recorded 138 points (4.87 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Physical CharacteristicNaseby recorded 646 points (22.79 cm) of rain from the 26th to the 29th.

CommentIt was the heaviest rainfall experienced for many years.

FloodingFlooding at Oturehua
Map Location: -45.00708 169.91488
Comments:

Affected LifelineTwo bridges and part of a third were carried away.

FloodingFlooding at Outram
Map Location: -45.859829 170.220115
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOutram line had no trains on the 29th. Water was 26 in (0.66 m) deep over the rails between Riverside and Gladfield.

Physical CharacteristicOn the 3rd, 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m) deep of water was still on the railway line.

ImpactAt Outram bridge, the Taieri River level was higher than at Kirkland's (near Riverside), but water was spreading through old breaks in the banks onto the lower portions of Riverside. There was 10 ft (3.05 m) of water in some lower paddocks.

CommentThere was very little water lying on West Taieri at the back of Outram. The older settlers didn't think it constituted a flood.

FloodingFlooding at Paretai
Map Location: -46.327698 169.779271
Comments:

CommentWater was lapping over Paretai and Otanomomo floodbanks at 9pm on the 27th.

Crop DamageCereal and winter feed crops in Paretai and Otanomomo districts were completely ruined.

FloodingFlooding at Pembroke
Comments:

Affected LifelineNo mail was received from Queenstown, Arrowtown or Cardrona that week.

FloodingFlooding at Pomahaka River
Map Location: -45.879879 169.176184
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River rose 3.25 ft (1 m) below deck level of the old bridge at Conical Hills and had a peak discharge of 43,700 cusecs (1237 cumecs).

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River had a discharge of 20,000 cusecs (566 cumecs) at Black Bridge, but was affected from backwater from the Clutha.

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River had a discharge of 27,000 cusecs (765 cumecs) at Swanns Bridge.

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River had a discharge of 849 cumecs at Burkes Ford, with a catchment area of 1924 km^2.

FloodingFlooding at Queenstown
Map Location: -45.041441 168.645105
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe road was impassable from Cardrona to Pembroke.

FloodingFlooding at Roxburgh
Map Location: -45.54246 169.300336
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere were three washouts on the east side of Clutha River on way to Miller's Flat.

Affected LifelineMail services were disrupted.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood in Clutha River on the 27th was within 18 in (0.46 m) of the level reached by the 1878 flood.

Physical CharacteristicAt Roxburgh, the Clutha River rose 27 ft (8.23 m) above normal

FloodingFlooding at Stirling
Map Location: -46.253158 169.786026
Comments:

EvacueesThe river overflowed shortly after 1am on the 28th and rushed into town. In 10 minutes floodwater was up to 3 ft (0.91m). All residents but two families in the low-lying part of the township retreated. One family, of parents and six young children that stayed, were rescued after an S.O.S call was sent out at 7am.

ImpactThe Hermitage embankment broke shortly after 4pm on the 28th and the flood rushed into town. Water soon rose by another foot and another rescue call was made at 7pm for the other family which had stayed.

Physical CharacteristicSeveral houses and shops were flooded to a depth of 4-6 ft (1.22-1.83 m).

Affected LifelineOne shop was carried midway onto the road and broke telephone wires. It was the last means of communication with Inch Clutha, as roads were impassable.

Affected LifelineThe railway was blocked by 4 ft (1.22 m) of water for 400 metres on the north side of Stirling.

ImpactFlood water rose steadily on the night of the 28th, and reached half way up walls of houses in the lowest part of the township.

ImpactA strong current ran through town and several sheds floated away.

DamageA portion of the railway platform at the north end of the station was washed away during the night.

EvacueesThe stationmaster's residence was insecure when several piles were undermined. The family were rescued by boat.

ImpactLooking from the hill above Stirling, the land was one sea of water from Lovell's Flat to Port Molyneaux.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Taieri Plain
Map Location: -45.88401 170.253762
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain commenced at 6pm on the 28th and continued through the evening. Taieri River was in flood. There was practically no rain since 5pm on the 27th but water from Central Otago caused a further 3 ft (0.91 m) rise in the river in East Taieri at 12pm on the 28th.

CommentThere was drizzling rain all day on the 28th until 5pm but then heavier rain started after dark.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Crop DamageSome standing crops were knocked over by the rain.

Crop DamageWest Taieri was free from flooding but crops were knocked about by the weather.

ImpactFlood waters were spread out over East Taieri and a large area was inundated.

CommentSilver Stream was hardly affected by floodwater and eased the pressure of flooding.

CommentThe depth of water around Riverside was about equal to that flood in 1918.

Stock DamageThere were no stock losses.

Physical CharacteristicAt Otokia, Taieri River was 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal at 8am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicTaieri River was 11 ft (3.35 m) above normal at Allanton at 12am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicAt Riverside, the river got through some old breaks in the banks and flowed over low-lying paddocks and railway line up to a depth of 3 ft (0.91 m).

Affected LifelineThe Outram-Mosgiel train was unable to get through on the 28th.

ImpactFloodwaters flooded the country and had a bad effect on pasturelands.

Crop DamageThe flooded portions of land were mostly pasture which was ruined rather than crops. One potato crop in East Taieri was covered in water.

Affected LifelineMill Creek was very high all day on the 28th and 29th and over the road at some points.

Physical CharacteristicA downpour of rain up country, on the 1st of February, increased the water depth of the flooded area of East Taieri by 1 ft (0.30 m).

Affected LifelineThe railway line between Mosgiel and Henley was blocked in two places.

CommentEast Taieri was a sea of water, but there was no flooding on other side of the river.

Affected LifelineAt Otokia, the road was under water for several chains and traffic was delayed.

ImpactThere was a breach in embankment of Lee Creek, near Little Lake in the early morning of the 1st and a fair-sized area was under water.

CommentRiver levels were their highest on the 1st at Outram, Allanton and Henley.

FloodingFlooding at Taratu
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Taratu railway line was under water.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Totara
Map Location: -45.138327 170.871671
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTotara recorded 49 points (1.73 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Tuakitoto Lake
Comments:

CommentTuakitoto Lake rose steadily all day on the 29th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waipata
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaipata recorded 315 points (11.11 cm) in 48 hours to 9am on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Waipori River
Map Location: -45.92281 170.0046
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was 4.5 ft (1.37 m) of water passing over weir early on the morning of the 28th.

CommentWaipori River rose again on the 29th but then fell rapidly.

ImpactThere was a small break in the embankment near Lake Tatawai. The water spread over the adjacent land, fertile land was rendered practically useless by silting up of water outlets.

Affected LifelineWaipori River overflowed and water flowed across the road between Henley and Berwick but it was not impassable.

Southland

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Gore
Map Location: -46.095878 168.927462
Comments:

CommentOn the 28th there were heavy rains causing the rivers to become flooded.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactJacobstown was the only part of the town under water.

FloodingFlooding at Mataura River
Map Location: -46.159885 168.915782
Comments:

CommentMataura River was reported to be very high near Lumsden.

Physical CharacteristicThe annual maximum flood discharge of the Mataura River was 570 cumecs ± 140 on the 1st of February.

References

Cowie, C.A; Attwood, A.K.(1957) FLOODS in NEW ZEALAND 1920 -53, The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand,239p.
Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
MacLean, M., McGregor Wilke, J., and Alexander, J.G.(????). Water of Leith and Lindsay's Creek, Dunedin.
Major weather events in New Zealand, FLOODS and HIGH RAINFALL, to 31st May 2006
Headline: At Waipouri.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Floods in the South.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Messages to the Chief Post Master.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Alexandra.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Cromwell.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Hillgrove.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Naseby.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Roxburgh.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Waipata.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Position at Balclutha.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: The Railways.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: The Taieri Plain.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Station Peak.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Timaru.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Floods in the South.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Hon. D. H. Guthrie's Visit.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Menace to Kaitangata.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: The Floods.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: The Railway Service.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: The Taieri Plains.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Wash-out at Henley.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Additional Details.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: At Waipori.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Conditions at Stirling.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Floods at Kaitangata.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Floods in the South.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: In North Otago.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: In North Otago.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Molyneaux Subsides Slightly.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Alexandra.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Becks.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Benmore.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Geraldine.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Hillgrove.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Naseby.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Totara.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Telegraphic Reports to the Chief Postmaster.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: The Railways.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: The Taieri.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Wash-outs Near Kurow.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Effect on Dunedin.
Otago Daily Times, 5 March 1945.
Owen, R.E. (1969). Hydrology Annual No.16, 1968. Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council. Wellington, NZ: The Ministry of Works.
Surface Water Hydrology of the Mataura River Catchment.

ModerateJanuary-February 1919 South Island Flooding ( 1919-01-26 )

2-41 years

Heavy rainfalls caused flooding in Canterbury, Otago and Southland. The flooding caused severe damage to pasture and crop lands near the Clutha River.

South Island

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at South Island
Duration:   9  days - From the 26th of January to the 3rd of March.
Comments:

Canterbury

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at South Canterbury
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was heavy rain over South Canterbury since the afternoon of the 27th and South Canterbury coast received 2 in (5.08 cm) of rain from the 27th to the 28th.

CommentThere were westerly rains in the alpine country and Mackenzie country.

ImpactThe rain stopped the harvesting of oats for some days.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentAll rivers and creeks were high.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Benmore
Map Location: -44.56269 170.18409
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBenmore recorded 90 points (3.18 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 25th.

Physical CharacteristicBenmore recorded 205 points (7.23 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am 26th

CommentRain was still falling heavily on the 27th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Geraldine
Map Location: -44.091052 171.227259
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicGeraldine recorded 244 points (8.60 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 28th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Kurow
Map Location: -44.73377 170.46807
Comments:

CommentA downpour of rain commenced on the 26th and continued to the 29th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentSubsidary streams of Waitaki River were all in high flood.

Affected LifelineThere were dangerous washouts on unbridged rivers between Kurow and Oamaru.

ImpactA car coming to Kurow on the evening of the 27th was submerged in a washout in Otiake River. The occupants were rescued by a farmer.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Station Peak
Map Location: -44.75066 170.564
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicStation Peak recorded 136 points (4.80 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 8am on the 27th.

CommentSteady and persistent rain was still falling at 1pm on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding at The Hermitage
Map Location: -43.7319 170.08778
Comments:

Affected LifelineIt was difficult or impossible to get to or from the Hermitage on the 27th.

FloodingFlooding at Waitaki River
Map Location: -44.805453 170.579453
Comments:

ImpactWaitaki River was in high flood and reached a higher level than it had been for many years on the 28th. It overflowed and spread across a large extent of the plain.

CommentIslands in the middle of the river were submerged.

Stock DamageA large number of cattle were swept down the river.

ImpactFlood waters spread across the north bank of river at Sandhurst and flooded the low-lying part of township.

Affected LifelineAt some points water reached above bridge level. The train was unable to pass between Kurow and Sandhurst on 28th and the 29th.

Otago

FloodingFlooding at Otago
Comments:

Affected LifelineTrain services were interrupted on the 28th.

Affected LifelineThe south railway line was still blocked on the 1st and only a slow train was going as far as Allanton.

Affected LifelineFor one and a half miles beyond Otokia Station the railway line was still covered by 3ft (0.91 m) of water on the 3rd of February.

Affected LifelineThere was a breach on the Otago Central line at Oturehua on the 3rd.

CommentFloods in Clutha and Taieri districts started to subside on the 3rd.

CommentFlood water in neither Taieri nor Clutha districts reached the flood level of May 1917.

CommentNearly six weeks elapsed before the last water dried off from the lowest areas.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Alexandra
Map Location: -45.253862 169.375391
Comments:

CommentThere were occasional heavy showers in Alexandra.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentIn Alexandra, the Clutha River started to fall at daybreak on the 28th.

CommentDistrict never had such a wet summer season in the living memory of the oldest residents.

DamageThere was no great amount of damage except to two small cob houses and a hut or two.

FloodingFlooding at Balclutha
Map Location: -46.23013 169.733472
Comments:

ImpactThe town side of the river was sandbagged from 5am on the 26th.

Physical CharacteristicRiver rose at 2 in (5.08 cm) an hour until 1pm on the 27th and then much faster until 4pm on the 27th.

Damage CostIn Balclutha, the damage was very severe and was estimated at £4-5 per acre. The estimated damage was totalled at £270,000 ($24,576,000 2009 dollars) in land depreciation and damaged crops.

CommentThe firebell rung at daybreak on the 28th to warn residents in the area likely to be affected by the flood.

EvacueesBy the evening of the 28th, a majority of people from Rosebank at the south end and north Balclutha had vacated their homes. Several houses were affected by flood water.

ImpactA break in the embankment at Hermitage, near Stirling, caused the river to fall.

ImpactBarnego was completely under water and the settlers' houses were isolated.

Physical CharacteristicThe Balclutha Dairy Factory was surrounded by water up to 5 ft (1.52 m) deep. The flood hindered some operations.

Affected LifelineInch Clutha was isolated.

ImpactThe whole of the Clutha Valley, from Balclutha to the sea, was submerged.

CommentThere were no floods of a serious nature in the district except in Molyneaux flat.

CommentClutha River receded 2 ft (0.61 m) by 3pm on the 29th to be 1 ft (0.305 m) below the highest mark reached in the 1917 flood.

CommentThere were two small breaches in the protective embankment. One near the showgrounds and one near the saleyards.

Damage CostDamage was estimated at several hundred pounds for temporary repair work.

CommentThere was no loss in the business establishments. These were entirely flood-free.

Stock DamageA few sheep and pig carcasses were seen floating down the river.

Affected LifelineA large number of mini geysers were coming through large fissures in the streets and even the asphalt footpath on the main street.

CommentThe river was running several feet above town level.

ImpactAir pressure caused one part of the ground near Council Chambers to suddenly bulge upwards one foot. The bowling green was covered with small mounds and there were several breaks in the asphalt tennis court.

Physical CharacteristicOn the 29th, water was within 18 in (0.46 m) of the top of the embankment.

CommentLooking up river from Balclutha hill, there was just one sea of water from hill to hill. Barnego was indicated only by houses and trees.

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Becks
Map Location: -44.99578 169.741076
Comments:

CommentThere was heavy rain with heavy peals of thunder and lightning all day on the 26th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicBecks recorded 109 points (3.85 cm) in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Physical CharacteristicBecks recorded 364 points (12.84 cm) of rain up until the morning of the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicBecks recorded 783 points (27.62 cm) of rain for the month of January to date on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentThe creeks, rivers and watercourses were all in flood.

FloodingFlooding at Berwick
Map Location: -45.944896 170.106376
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe river overtopped the banks and the road up the flat was covered with floodwater.

FloodingFlooding at Clutha River
Map Location: -46.203535 169.699318
Comments:

AreaApproximately 5000 ha of land surrounding the Clutha River was inundated.

Physical CharacteristicIn Alexandra, the Clutha River rose 31 ft 6 in (9.6 m) and had a peak discharge estimated at 88,200 cusecs (2498 cumecs). (Cowie, C.A; Attwood, A.K.(1957) FLOODS in NEW ZEALAND 1920 -53, The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand,239p.)

Physical CharacteristicFrom a reconstructed discharge curve, Clutha River had a discharge of 97,000 cusecs (2747 cumecs) at Alexandra. The catchment area was 5315 sq miles (13,766 km^2) but it was affected by backwater. The river had a gauge height of 34ft 1in (10.39 m). (Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand)

Physical CharacteristicAt Balclutha, the Clutha River rise 17 ft (5.18 m) above normal with a peak discharge estimated at 120,000 cusecs (3398 cumecs).

Physical CharacteristicFrom a reconstructed discharge curve, Clutha River had a discharge of 140,000 cusecs (3964 cumecs) at Balclutha, gauged at old road bridge. The catchment area was 8100 sq miles (20,979 km^2).

ImpactClutha River changed its course. It broke through the embankment below Stirling and, with the original stream, formed an island five to six miles wide, entering the sea by two separate mouths.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Cromwell
Map Location: -45.040741 169.203073
Comments:

CommentRain ceased at 2pm on the 27th but started again after 12pm on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

CommentRivers reached very high level on the night of the 27th.

Affected LifelineThere was some damage to roads in various parts but traffic resumed on the 28th.

CommentThe flood level of the river was generally admitted to be the highest since 1878.

ImpactClutha River overflowed the foot bridge at Dead Man's Point and the dredges on Clutha were unable to work.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Dunedin
Map Location: -45.87911 170.502707
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicHigh rainfall totalling 20.0 cm was recorded in Dunedin.

CommentRain commenced at 7pm on the 28th and later became heavy for several hours.

FloodingFlooding at Henley
Map Location: -45.981427 170.16589
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicAt Henley Bridge, Taieri River rose 15 in (0.38 m) on the 1st.

ImpactThere was failure of the outlet box at the traffic bridge beside the Cooperative Dairy Factory on the morning of the 2nd. The pressure of the water undermined and carried away the road on which it stood. The washout was 12 ft (3.66 m) below the level of river and the flood water also washed out a new passage under the road. Almost 3000 sandbags were used to repair it.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Hillgrove
Map Location: -45.36241 170.82019
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTrotter's Creek at Hillgrove recorded 1.40 in (3.56 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 27th.

CommentRain was still falling on the 27th.

Physical CharacteristicHillgrove recorded 54 points (1.91 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Physical CharacteristicHillgrove reocrded 2.45 in (6.22 cm) of rain since the storm commenced to the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Inch Clutha
Map Location: -46.288561 169.780158
Comments:

ImpactAt the lower Inch Clutha, several families were without bread for two to three days.

FloodingFlooding at Kaitangata
Map Location: -46.283362 169.855758
Comments:

Impact73 houses were flooded.

ImpactThe mine there was idle for 19 days.

ImpactLarge flats between Stirling and Kaitangata were completely inundated.

Affected LifelineRoad and rail traffic to Kaitangata was cut off.

CommentWaters were rapidly backing up on the low-lying parts of town at 12:30pm on the 28th.

CommentIt was the highest flood ever recorded in the area. The flood was 18 in (0.46 m) above the 1917 flood mark by late afternoon on the 30th and was still rising fast.

EvacueesHouses were flooded and residents were vacating their houses between Kaitangata and Stirling. Approximately 20 people vacated their homes in Kaitangata. All houses on the flat were abandoned.

ImpactWater entered several shops.

CommentClutha River had a break one hundred yards long in the bank near Mosley's, below the Stirling bridge on the 1st. Bells were rung to warn residents. Some residents were marooned in their houses.

ImpactBusinesses were flooded along Eddystone Street and west from the intersections at Water Street and north of Weymouth Street on the 1st.

Stock DamageThere were very few losses recorded in the immediate vicinity of Kaitangata. There were dead bodies of animals floating along on the raging flood but these were mostly from higher up the river.

CommentFlooding was severe in Kaitangata and the water reached the level of the 1878 flood on the 1st and 2nd.

FloodingFlooding at Kawarau River
Map Location: -45.020175 168.966862
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicKawarau River rose 26 ft (7.92 m) above normal (which was 2 ft (0.61 m) above the 1878 flood level).

FloodingFlooding at Kokonga
Map Location: -45.210004 170.246345
Comments:

CommentTaieri River reached the highest flood mark of 1917.

FloodingFlooding at Lovells Flat
Map Location: -46.174409 169.837707
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe main railway line flooded between Lovells Flat and Benhar on the 28th. A fresh break occurred on the line near Lovell's Flat on the 29th. Water was over 4 ft (1.22 m) deep on the line.

Affected LifelineThe railway line between Stirling and Lovell's Flat was covered with water in six places and had one or two washouts.

FloodingFlooding at Makarora Lake
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicMakarora Lake rose 6 in (0.15 m) over night on the 27th as rain fell steadily.

FloodingFlooding at Manuherikia River
Map Location: -45.019142 169.739145
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicManuherikia River rose 20 ft (6.10 m) above normal and had a discharge of 17,500 cusecs (496 cumecs) at Ophir.

Physical CharacteristicManuherikia River had a discharge of 20,000 cusecs (566 cumecs) at Ophir.

FloodingFlooding at Middlemarch
Map Location: -45.508281 170.125395
Comments:

CommentIn Middlemarch, Taieri River was at a high level all day on the 29th and it was still raining.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Mosgiel
Map Location: -45.882205 170.333108
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicMosgiel recorded 119 points (4.20 cm) of rain to 9am on the 27th.

Physical CharacteristicMosgiel recorded 40 points (1.41 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicMosgiel recorded 53 points (1.87 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Naseby
Map Location: -45.024406 170.137888
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicNaseby recorded 206 points (7.28 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicNaseby recorded 138 points (4.87 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

Physical CharacteristicNaseby recorded 646 points (22.79 cm) of rain from the 26th to the 29th.

CommentIt was the heaviest rainfall experienced for many years.

FloodingFlooding at Oturehua
Map Location: -45.00708 169.91488
Comments:

Affected LifelineTwo bridges and part of a third were carried away.

FloodingFlooding at Outram
Map Location: -45.859829 170.220115
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicOutram line had no trains on the 29th. Water was 26 in (0.66 m) deep over the rails between Riverside and Gladfield.

Physical CharacteristicOn the 3rd, 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m) deep of water was still on the railway line.

ImpactAt Outram bridge, the Taieri River level was higher than at Kirkland's (near Riverside), but water was spreading through old breaks in the banks onto the lower portions of Riverside. There was 10 ft (3.05 m) of water in some lower paddocks.

CommentThere was very little water lying on West Taieri at the back of Outram. The older settlers didn't think it constituted a flood.

FloodingFlooding at Paretai
Map Location: -46.327698 169.779271
Comments:

CommentWater was lapping over Paretai and Otanomomo floodbanks at 9pm on the 27th.

Crop DamageCereal and winter feed crops in Paretai and Otanomomo districts were completely ruined.

FloodingFlooding at Pembroke
Comments:

Affected LifelineNo mail was received from Queenstown, Arrowtown or Cardrona that week.

FloodingFlooding at Pomahaka River
Map Location: -45.879879 169.176184
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River rose 3.25 ft (1 m) below deck level of the old bridge at Conical Hills and had a peak discharge of 43,700 cusecs (1237 cumecs).

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River had a discharge of 20,000 cusecs (566 cumecs) at Black Bridge, but was affected from backwater from the Clutha.

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River had a discharge of 27,000 cusecs (765 cumecs) at Swanns Bridge.

Physical CharacteristicPomahaka River had a discharge of 849 cumecs at Burkes Ford, with a catchment area of 1924 km^2.

FloodingFlooding at Queenstown
Map Location: -45.041441 168.645105
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe road was impassable from Cardrona to Pembroke.

FloodingFlooding at Roxburgh
Map Location: -45.54246 169.300336
Comments:

Affected LifelineThere were three washouts on the east side of Clutha River on way to Miller's Flat.

Affected LifelineMail services were disrupted.

Physical CharacteristicThe flood in Clutha River on the 27th was within 18 in (0.46 m) of the level reached by the 1878 flood.

Physical CharacteristicAt Roxburgh, the Clutha River rose 27 ft (8.23 m) above normal

FloodingFlooding at Stirling
Map Location: -46.253158 169.786026
Comments:

EvacueesThe river overflowed shortly after 1am on the 28th and rushed into town. In 10 minutes floodwater was up to 3 ft (0.91m). All residents but two families in the low-lying part of the township retreated. One family, of parents and six young children that stayed, were rescued after an S.O.S call was sent out at 7am.

ImpactThe Hermitage embankment broke shortly after 4pm on the 28th and the flood rushed into town. Water soon rose by another foot and another rescue call was made at 7pm for the other family which had stayed.

Physical CharacteristicSeveral houses and shops were flooded to a depth of 4-6 ft (1.22-1.83 m).

Affected LifelineOne shop was carried midway onto the road and broke telephone wires. It was the last means of communication with Inch Clutha, as roads were impassable.

Affected LifelineThe railway was blocked by 4 ft (1.22 m) of water for 400 metres on the north side of Stirling.

ImpactFlood water rose steadily on the night of the 28th, and reached half way up walls of houses in the lowest part of the township.

ImpactA strong current ran through town and several sheds floated away.

DamageA portion of the railway platform at the north end of the station was washed away during the night.

EvacueesThe stationmaster's residence was insecure when several piles were undermined. The family were rescued by boat.

ImpactLooking from the hill above Stirling, the land was one sea of water from Lovell's Flat to Port Molyneaux.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Taieri Plain
Map Location: -45.88401 170.253762
Comments:

CommentHeavy rain commenced at 6pm on the 28th and continued through the evening. Taieri River was in flood. There was practically no rain since 5pm on the 27th but water from Central Otago caused a further 3 ft (0.91 m) rise in the river in East Taieri at 12pm on the 28th.

CommentThere was drizzling rain all day on the 28th until 5pm but then heavier rain started after dark.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

Crop DamageSome standing crops were knocked over by the rain.

Crop DamageWest Taieri was free from flooding but crops were knocked about by the weather.

ImpactFlood waters were spread out over East Taieri and a large area was inundated.

CommentSilver Stream was hardly affected by floodwater and eased the pressure of flooding.

CommentThe depth of water around Riverside was about equal to that flood in 1918.

Stock DamageThere were no stock losses.

Physical CharacteristicAt Otokia, Taieri River was 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal at 8am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicTaieri River was 11 ft (3.35 m) above normal at Allanton at 12am on the 28th.

Physical CharacteristicAt Riverside, the river got through some old breaks in the banks and flowed over low-lying paddocks and railway line up to a depth of 3 ft (0.91 m).

Affected LifelineThe Outram-Mosgiel train was unable to get through on the 28th.

ImpactFloodwaters flooded the country and had a bad effect on pasturelands.

Crop DamageThe flooded portions of land were mostly pasture which was ruined rather than crops. One potato crop in East Taieri was covered in water.

Affected LifelineMill Creek was very high all day on the 28th and 29th and over the road at some points.

Physical CharacteristicA downpour of rain up country, on the 1st of February, increased the water depth of the flooded area of East Taieri by 1 ft (0.30 m).

Affected LifelineThe railway line between Mosgiel and Henley was blocked in two places.

CommentEast Taieri was a sea of water, but there was no flooding on other side of the river.

Affected LifelineAt Otokia, the road was under water for several chains and traffic was delayed.

ImpactThere was a breach in embankment of Lee Creek, near Little Lake in the early morning of the 1st and a fair-sized area was under water.

CommentRiver levels were their highest on the 1st at Outram, Allanton and Henley.

FloodingFlooding at Taratu
Comments:

Affected LifelineThe Taratu railway line was under water.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Totara
Map Location: -45.138327 170.871671
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicTotara recorded 49 points (1.73 cm) of rain in 24 hours to 9am on the 29th.

FloodingFlooding at Tuakitoto Lake
Comments:

CommentTuakitoto Lake rose steadily all day on the 29th.

Heavy RainHeavy Rain at Waipata
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicWaipata recorded 315 points (11.11 cm) in 48 hours to 9am on the 28th.

FloodingFlooding at Waipori River
Map Location: -45.92281 170.0046
Comments:

Physical CharacteristicThere was 4.5 ft (1.37 m) of water passing over weir early on the morning of the 28th.

CommentWaipori River rose again on the 29th but then fell rapidly.

ImpactThere was a small break in the embankment near Lake Tatawai. The water spread over the adjacent land, fertile land was rendered practically useless by silting up of water outlets.

Affected LifelineWaipori River overflowed and water flowed across the road between Henley and Berwick but it was not impassable.

Southland

Multi HazardMulti Hazard at Gore
Map Location: -46.095878 168.927462
Comments:

CommentOn the 28th there were heavy rains causing the rivers to become flooded.

FloodingFlooding
Comments:

ImpactJacobstown was the only part of the town under water.

FloodingFlooding at Mataura River
Map Location: -46.159885 168.915782
Comments:

CommentMataura River was reported to be very high near Lumsden.

Physical CharacteristicThe annual maximum flood discharge of the Mataura River was 570 cumecs ± 140 on the 1st of February.

References

Cowie, C.A; Attwood, A.K.(1957) FLOODS in NEW ZEALAND 1920 -53, The Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand,239p.
Hydrology Annual No.3 1955, Soil Conservation and River Control Council, Wellington, New Zealand
MacLean, M., McGregor Wilke, J., and Alexander, J.G.(????). Water of Leith and Lindsay's Creek, Dunedin.
Major weather events in New Zealand, FLOODS and HIGH RAINFALL, to 31st May 2006
Headline: At Waipouri.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Floods in the South.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Messages to the Chief Post Master.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Alexandra.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Cromwell.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Hillgrove.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Naseby.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Roxburgh.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Waipata.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Position at Balclutha.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: The Railways.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: The Taieri Plain.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Station Peak.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Timaru.
Otago Daily Times, 29 January 1919.
Headline: Floods in the South.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Hon. D. H. Guthrie's Visit.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Menace to Kaitangata.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: The Floods.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: The Railway Service.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: The Taieri Plains.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Wash-out at Henley.
Otago Daily Times, 3 February 1919.
Headline: Additional Details.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: At Waipori.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Conditions at Stirling.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Floods at Kaitangata.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Floods in the South.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: In North Otago.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: In North Otago.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Molyneaux Subsides Slightly.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Alexandra.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Becks.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Benmore.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Geraldine.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Hillgrove.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Naseby.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: News From Other Districts: Totara.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Telegraphic Reports to the Chief Postmaster.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: The Railways.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: The Taieri.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Wash-outs Near Kurow.
Otago Daily Times, 30 January 1919.
Headline: Effect on Dunedin.
Otago Daily Times, 5 March 1945.
Owen, R.E. (1969). Hydrology Annual No.16, 1968. Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council. Wellington, NZ: The Ministry of Works.
Surface Water Hydrology of the Mataura River Catchment.